1. Chapter 2 Motion in one dimension Kinematics Dynamics

2. At any particular time t, the particle can be located by its x, y and z coordinates, which are the three components of the position vector : At any particular time t, the particle can be located by its x, y and z coordinates, which are the three components of the position vector : where, and are the cartesian unit vectors. where, and are the cartesian unit vectors. Section2-3 Position, velocity and acceleration vectors 1. Position vector 1. Position vector x y z Fig 2-11 O

3. We defined the displacement vector as the change in position vector from t 1 to t 2. 2. Displacement ( 位移 ) 2. Displacement ( 位移 ) Note: 1) Displacement is not the same as the distance traveled by the particle. traveled by the particle. 2) The displacement is determined only by the 2) The displacement is determined only by the starting and ending points of the interval. starting and ending points of the interval. y z t= Fig 2-12 x O

4. Direction: from start point to end point Then the displacement is

5. The relationship between and : In general, Can ? Yes, for two cases: 1) 1D motion without changing direction 2) When after take limit:

6. The difference between and ( ): Note : magnitude of : the change of length of position vectors

7. When after take limit:

8. 3.velocity and speed a.The average velocity in any interval is defined to be displacement divided by the time interval, a.The average velocity in any interval is defined to be displacement divided by the time interval, (2-7) (2-7) when we use the term velocity, we mean the instantaneous velocity. b. To find the instantaneous velocity, we reduce the size of the time interval, that is b. To find the instantaneous velocity, we reduce the size of the time interval, that is and then. and then. (2-9)

9. The vector can also be written in terms of its components as: (2-11) (2-11) (2-12) In cartesian coordinates:

10. Discussion The position vector of a moving particle at a moment is. The magnitude of the velocity of the particle at the moment is: （A）（A）（B）（B）（B）（B）（B）（B） （C）（C）（D）（D） √√√√

11. c.The terms average speed ( 平均速率 ) and speed （速率） : Average speed: Thus, is the total distance traveled. Speed:

12. d. Acceleration d. Acceleration We define the average acceleration as the change in velocity per unit time, or We define the average acceleration as the change in velocity per unit time, or (2-14) (2-14) And instantaneous acceleration And instantaneous acceleration (2-16) (2-16) By analogy with Eq (2-12),we can write the components acceleration vector as By analogy with Eq (2-12),we can write the components acceleration vector as (2-17) (2-17)

13. Sample problem 2-4 A particle moves in the x-y plane A particle moves in the x-y plane and, where and, where,, and,, and. Find the position, velocity, and acceleration of the particle when t=3s.. Find the position, velocity, and acceleration of the particle when t=3s.

14. Solution:

15. Sample problem How do the velocity and the acceleration vary with time if position x(t) is known? x(t)

16. Colonel J. P. Stapp was in his braking rocket sled Can you tell the direction of the acceleration from the figures? His body is an accelerometer not a speedometer. Out in

17. Section 2-4 One-dimensional kinematics In one-dimensional kinematics, a particle can move only along a straight line. In one-dimensional kinematics, a particle can move only along a straight line. We can describe the motion of a particle in two ways: with mathematical equations and with graphs. We can describe the motion of a particle in two ways: with mathematical equations and with graphs.

18. t t x 0 (a) (b) B A 0 Fig 2-15 1.Motion at constant velocity Suppose a puck ( 冰球 ) moves along a straight line, which we will use as the x-axis.

19. Two examples of accelerated motion are Two examples of accelerated motion are (2-20) (2-20) （ 2-21 ） （ 2-21 ） 2. Accelerated motion ( 变速运动 )

20. 2-5 Motion with constant acceleration Note: the initial velocity must be known in the calculation. or (2-26) Can we obtain and x(t) from ? Let’s assume our motion is along the x axis, and represents the x component of the acceleration. represents the x component of the acceleration.

21. It is the similar way to find x(t) from v(t). It is the similar way to find x(t) from v(t). or Note: the initial position x 0 and velocity must be known in the calculation.

22. Derivative Integral ( ) Relationship between, and Derivative Integral ( ) Discussion

23. One example: 动画库 \ 力学夹 \1-02 质点运动的描 述 2.exe 4 ( 例 3)

24. 2-6 Freely falling bodies …… Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) thought the heavier objects would fall more rapidly because of their weight. Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) thought the heavier objects would fall more rapidly because of their weight. Galileo (1564-1642) made correct assertion, that in the absence of air resistance all objects fall with the same speed. In 1971, astronaut David Scott dropped a feather and a hammer on the airless Moon, and he observed that they reached the surface at about the same time.

25. ‘Feather and hammer’ experiment carried on the airless moon vacuum ‘Feather and apple’ exp. conducted in vacuum lab.

26. Niagara Fall If the height of the fall is 48 m, how long will the person reach the fall bottom and what is his final speed? Is it dangerous to free fall from its top?!