1. i 42.0 an element of truth ritasium Lessons From Video Derek Muller

2. Warm-up Question A bat and ball together cost $1.10 The bat costs a dollar more than the ball How much does the ball cost?

3. My PhD Research How should you design multimedia presentations to promote conceptual learning in physics? Direct application to multimedia design Implications for teaching Controlled, transparent, repeatable means of testing instructional strategies Testing in real learning environments

4. A simple experiment Decide on learning objectives → set of test questions 1.Pre-test students online 2.Present video 3.Post-test with same questions Ask them to rate confidence in answers Interview them – do they think they learned?

5. Learning outcomes Newton ’ s First and Second Laws Tests have been designed and validated to assess students ’ conceptions in this area – Force Concept Inventory (FCI) – Force and Motion Conceptual Evaluation (FMCE) 26-question multiple choice test

7. Pre-test scores

8. Confidence on the pre-test

9. Gain in confidence

11. Interviews Having things like the car just sitting on the angle with arrows pointing in each of the directions and the size of the arrow changing showing how the force was affecting it made it a lot more visual and easier to understand. I thought it was simple to understand –Yeah, definitely, very simple explanations. So it makes physics look really simple (which I know is not true!). And it was also very clear and concise to the point, doesn’t go around in circles, really.

12. Key words Key word/phraseFrequency Simple7 Clear7 Concise4 Easy to understand3 Confused0 Hard to understand0

13. By how much did scores improve? Pre-test average = 5.5 for Fundamentals Post-test = A.15-20 B.10-15 C.6-10 D.5.5

14. What about test scores?

16. WHAT WENT WRONG?

17. Misconceptions Misconceptions cause misperception Misperception limits attention Increase confidence in Misconceptions

18. Gravity is the same on the way down as it was on the way up except for there was the other force that was pushing the ball up so that force is steadily decreased until it’s reached its point of stoppage or whatever at the origin and then it comes down with the constant force of gravity Misconceptions cause misperception

19. It wasn’t that hard to pay attention to, I think, because I already knew what she was talking about. So I was listening, but I wasn’t really paying utmost attention. Newton’s first law I knew already, I guess it was a bit of revision from two years ago. Misperception limits attention

20. The spool A.To the right B.To the left C.It depends

21. The spool A.To the right B.To the left C.It depends

22. Raise cognitive load Learning is an effortful and mindful process and students should be encouraged to construct their own knowledge and skills through active processing, rather than being passive listeners (Vosniadou et al. 2001) Can you make listeners active?

23. Dialogue Same correct physics concepts addressed Same definitions, examples, graphs, diagrams, animations Additional alternative conceptions raised by the ‘ student ’ and illustrated Discussion to resolve inconsistencies

24. Key Words Key word/phraseExpositionsDialogue Simple7 Clear7 Concise4 Easy to understand3 Confused0 Hard to understand0

25. Key Words Key word/phraseExpositionsDialogue Simple70 Clear70 Concise40 Easy to understand30 Confused05 Hard to understand01

26. Results

28. Did they really change their ideas? Why did you pick B [force from the cable = force of gravity]? I just want you to talk us through your thought processes. So I had A and I thought it was right and then I went down [the list] and the rest were wrong except B, which I wasn’t sure about because I thought, hang on, didn’t they say it was equal on the book even though it’s moving – ‘cause the arrows were the same and it was still moving. And I was thinking ‘that doesn’t make sense,’ and then I had a look at it and I thought of F equals MA and I thought it’s not accelerating because it’s at a constant speed [points to question] and so if force equals mass times acceleration and acceleration equals zero then force equals zero – so they [the forces] must be equal because they’re opposite vectors – cancel each other out.

29. Clues to differences in learning I liked that the guy was just as confused as I was – to begin with. The fact that he was confused kind of helped the whole explanation process, in me [points to her head] to understand. Saying all the common misconceptions, that was really helpful so you know what it is but you also know what it’s not. So you can know that if you end up with that, you’re like ‘no, can’t be that.’ So that helped a lot. Did you have anything like that? Yeah, the juggling ball one – the misconception is there’s a force and that it’s slowly decreasing until it reaches the top and then it disappears or whatever. That was the misconception I think.

30. Mental effort during instruction

32. I liked that it was asking me questions, so I had to actually think about it rather than just telling me stuff, because then it had more relevance to me... Also, by then, asking those questions I didn't feel as stupid as I did beforehand. Bat and Ball

33. i 42.0 an element of truth ritasium