1. Chinese regulations and education export to China Yuzhuo Cai University Lecturer, Adjunct Professor CEREC/HEG School of Management, University of Tampere 15 March 2012

2.  If you want to recruit Chinese students to study in your degree programmes in Finland (with a tuition fee)  If you want to develop joint degree programmes with Chinese partners  If you want to open a branch (or offshore campus) in China  If you want to sell educational services to Chinese organisations and individual learners  If you are just interested in the topic Targeting audience

3.  International regulations  International organisations’ regulations and bilateral agreement on educational services  China’s commitment to WTO’s General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS)  Domestic legislations  Regulations on Sino-Foreign cooperatively running schools  Regulations on academic degrees  Accreditation of foreign degrees in China  Intermediary agencies in student recruitment for foreign educational institutions  … Main regulations

4.  International rules have an impact on China’s internal education activities  UNESCO: the Code of Good Practice in the Provision of Transnational Education  Respected in China but not legally binding for either the Chinese government or the Chinese educational institutions.  Bilateral agreements on international cooperation and educational services  WTO rules are more influential International organisation

5.  China joined the WTO on 11 December 2001  Education is treated as a trade service  Education services exclude:  military, police, political and party school education  Nine-year compulsory national education  Education services include:  Primary education services (excluding nine-year national compulsory education)  Secondary education services (excluding nine-year national compulsory education)  Higher education services  Adult education services  Other education services, including English language training WTO and education services

6.  Four GATS modes:  Cross-border supply  Consumption abroad  Commercial presence  Presence of nature person  China has limited access to the world’s education markets according to China’s commitment. Commitment to GATS

7.  Cross-border supply mainly refers to the provision of distance educational courses and services.  However, China has made no commitment to cross-border supply in terms of either market access or national treatment.  This does not necessarily mean that foreign educational institutions could not provide education services through distant education in China.  Rather, China could independently decide how to create this market according to its own standards without being bounded by the GATS. Mode 1: Cross-border supply

8.  Consumption abroad mainly refers to citizens of one country studying in another country.  China has imposed no limitations either on market access or national treatment, meaning that  the Chinese government has not taken any measures to restrict Chinese citizens from studying abroad, and from receiving citizens of the other WTO member countries to study in China. Mode 2: Consumption abroad

9.  Commercial presence refers primarily to the educational institutions from one country in another country to set up schools and other educational institutions that are engaged in education and related services.  According to China’s commitment, foreign education institutions are not allowed to independently set up branches and other organisations.  Foreign education institutions may enter China, but must partner with Chinese institutions to establish joint schools, whereas foreign majority ownership is permitted. Mode 3: Commercial presence

10.  Presence of natural persons refers primarily to the citizens of one country in another country who are engaged in professional teaching and training.  China has set a limit on market access with respect to the movement of people: qualified foreign individuals may enter China to provide education services when invited or employed by Chinese education institutions. Mode 4: Presence of natural persons

11.  1995: Interim Provisions on Chinese-Foreign Cooperation in Running Schools, State Council  2003: Regulations on Chinese-Foreign Cooperation in Running Schools, State Council  Definition of Chinese-Foreign Cooperation in Running Schools: “The activities of the cooperation between foreign educational institutions and Chinese educational institutions in establishing educational institutions within the territory of China to provide education service mainly to Chinese citizens”. Regulations on Chinese-Foreign cooperation in running schools (CFCRS)

12.  foreign institutions must partner with Chinese institutions;  partnerships must not seek profit as their objective;  no less than half of the institution governing body members must be Chinese citizens;  the post of president or the equivalent must be a Chinese citizen residing in China;  the basic language of instruction should be Chinese;  tuition fees may not be raised without approval. Main stipulations (in both 1995 Interim and 2003 Regulations)

13.  extending governmental encouragement from vocational to higher education,  promoting Chinese universities to cooperate with renowned overseas HEIs in launching new academic programmes to improve the quality of teaching and learning and to import excellent overseas educational resources to local institutions,  relaxing the restrictions on profit-making. Changes in the 2003 Regulations

14.  2004: the Implementation Measures for the Regulation on Chinese-Foreign Cooperation in Running Schools, MOE  not only “joint venture” schools but also joint programmes  “A Chinese-foreign jointly run school is entitled to the support and encouraging measures granted to privately run schools by the State in line with the provisions of the Law on Promotion of Privately-run Schools”  a jointly run school shall not engage in profit-making operational activities but that reasonable economic returns are allowed. 2004: the Implementation Measures for the Regulation on Chinese-Foreign Cooperation in Running Schools

15.  At the end of each fiscal year, a Chinese-foreign jointly run school, whose vested parties do not require reasonable returns, shall withdraw a sum of money from the increased amount of its annual net assets, and the Chinese-foreign jointly run school whose vested parties have requested reasonable returns shall withdraw a sum of money from the annual net gains, no less than 25% of the increased amount of annual net assets or of annual net gains, to serve as development fund used for the construction and maintenance of the Chinese-foreign jointly run school and the purchase and renovation of teaching equipment. (Article 29) Reasonable returns

16.  2006: Opinions on Some Issues Concerning Chinese- Foreign Co-operation in Running Schools  2007: The Notification on further standardising the system of Chinese-Foreign Co-operation in Running Schools MOE’s administrative imperatives

17.  The Chinese government is not satisfied with the current situation on Chinese-foreign cooperation in running schools  The nature of Chinese-foreign school operation as a public service must be preserved.  The Chinese educational institution in the cooperation shall play a dominant role in carrying out national educational policies;  High-quality foreign educational resources are encouraged, while the quality control needs to be strengthened;  The standards of the tuition fees of the Chinese and foreign cooperative programmes are to be regulated. Main messages of the 2006,2007 documents

18.  Since 2006, the Ministry has taken a strict line on approving new joint school applications.  In practice, few applications have been acceded to.  2009, evaluation of existing joint education institutions and programmes.  Close down of unqualified joint institutions and programmes Stagnancy 2006-2010

19.  2010: The Outline of National Plan for Medium and Long- term Education Reform and Development (2010-2020)  The Outline has signalled that the Sino-foreign Cooperation in Running Schools will be encouraged and expanded.  The government expects that through importing international educational ideas, curricula and teaching staff,  more talent with international skills and perspectives will be cultivated in China to meet the needs of economic development.  However, the government will raise the threshold, meaning only those prestigious and high-quality foreign partners can be granted permission to China. New area of Chinese-foreign cooperation in running schools

20.  Find a local educational institution as co-operator and apply for governmental approval in China. There are three ways to cooperate with Chinese partners in establishing the CFCRS:  a cooperatively run independent institute (a joint venture),  a school or college affiliated to a Chinese host university,  a joint programme. How to operate in practice

21. Education programmesApproval Authorities BA degree and aboveMOE Sub-degree (three-year higher education)Local educational authorities (provincial, municipal) Secondary educationLocal educational authorities (provincial, municipal) Vocational educationLocal educational authorities (provincial, municipal) Examination and approval

22.  No-profit defined by the Chinese regulations vs. education as a trade service defined by WTO  “Chinese-foreign cooperation in running schools is an undertaking beneficial to public interests and forms a component of China’s educational cause” (Article 3, 2003 Regulations).  Chinese language vs. foreign language (Unclear definition of “basic teaching language”)  “A Chinese-foreign cooperatively-run school may, if necessary, use foreign languages in teaching, but shall use the standard Chinese language and standard Chinese characters as the basic teaching language” (Article 31, 2003 Regulations). Legal challenges in CFCRS 1

23.  Ambiguous intangible assets evaluation  A Chinese or foreign co-operator in running a school may contribute with funds, in kind or in forms of land-use right, intellectual property rights or other assets to establish the school.  Contribution of intellectual property rights by a Chinese or foreign co- operator in running a school shall not exceed one-third of its total contribution. However, for a foreign educational institution that comes to China for cooperation in running a school at the invitation of the education administrative department or the labour administrative department of the State Council or at the invitation of the people’s government of a province, an autonomous region or a municipality directly under the Central Government, its contribution in the form of intellectual property rights may exceed one-third of its total contribution. (Article 10, 2003 Regulations) Legal challenges 2

24.  Lack of matching legal provisions and policies  The legal rights and interests of Chinese and foreign co- operators in running schools and of Chinese-foreign cooperatively-run schools shall be protected by the laws of China.  Chinese-foreign cooperatively-run schools shall enjoy preferential policies made by the State and enjoy autonomy when conducting educational activities in accordance with law. (Article 4, 2003 Regulations) Legal challenges 3

25.  When a Finnish HEI establishes a joint venture school in China by being a shareholder of the organisation,  is it legal or not according to Finnish law that the joint school charges local students tuition fees? Legal challenges 4

26.  All foreign degrees (incl. the degrees offered in CFCRS) need to be accredited by the Chinese authorities.  Chinese Service Centre for Scholar Exchange (CSCSE), MOE  CSCSE does not accredit the degrees acquired through corresponding education, long distance education and internet education. Accreditation of foreign degrees

27.  The role of intermediary agent is often overlooked or misunderstood.  The agents charge (high) service fees when helping Chinese students to study in Finland  Conflict to Finnish ideologies?  A partner in education export? Intermediary Agents recruiting Chinese students for foreign institutions

28.  Many intermediary agents and consulting companies established in the 1990s as a market response to the increase of self-sponsored students to study abroad  In 1999, 700-800 intermediary agents in Beijing only  The operation was not regulated and some agents conducted illegal operations.  1999: The Regulations on the Intermediary Agents for Self- sponsored Study Abroad by Ministry of Education, Ministry of Public Security and State Administration of Industry and Commerce What is the Intermediary Agent for Self-sponsored Study Abroad

29.  An intermediary agent needs a permission from the MOE  419 registered agents in China by March 2012  http://www.jsj.edu.cn/index.php/default/intermediary/index http://www.jsj.edu.cn/index.php/default/intermediary/index  Business scope:  Information and legal consulting,  Proxy to make admission application  Support for visa application  Training before traveling abroad, etc.  Targeting clients: those Chinese citizens who have completed the secondary education Regulations on the Intermediary agents for self-sponsored study abroad

30.  The local partner will help you in recruiting students in the Chinese student market.  You need to know whether the partner is a legal intermediary agent.  Not without problem, but monitored by the MOE.  Don’t have business transaction before signing a contract! Implications for Finnish educational providers

31.  Many Chinese officials and professionals are sent to advanced and developed countries to take training courses or degree studies ranging in length from a few weeks to a year and over.  The training are organised by either Chinese central or local governmental organizations, but their plans must be submitted to the State Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs (SAFEA) for approval.  The SAFEA is the administrative department of the Chinese government in charge of the national introduction of foreign intellectual resources from abroad and also in charge of sending Chinese technical and managerial professionals from government departments and enterprises for overseas training. Training Chinese officials and professionals

32.  The organisation of training is highly regulated.  What kinds of programmes  Where to go  How much is the budget  How to make the contract  No open source documents from which you can find the regulations. What need to know?

33.  Education Law, 1995  Vocational Education Law, 1996  Higher Education Law, 1998  Law for Promoting Private Education, 2002  Regulations on Academic Degrees, 1980, amendment 2004 Chinese laws on education

34.  Contract Law  applicable to contracts signed between foreign educational institutions and Chinese educational service institutions.  Civil Law  applicable to the civil relationships between students and educational service providers.  Administration Law  applicable to the legal relationships between educational service providers and government authorities  Other domestic laws  Tax Law, Intellectual Property Rights Law… General laws

35.  Despite of the improvement of legal system on education  Government mandates are commonly used in education administration Legislation vs. Government mandates

36.  Finnish HEIs are allowed to charge tuition fees for degree education from students coming outside the EU or EEA under two conditions:  The 2007 Amendments to both the Universities Act (1997/645) and the Polytechnics Act (2003/351) allowed Finnish HEIs to charge fees for their degree education programmes when the fees are paid by a third organisation rather than individual students, called the “made to order” (in Finnish tilauskoulutus) model.  According to the new Universities Act (558/2009) and the additional Amendments to the Polytechnics Act (2003/351) both effective from the beginning of 2010, Finnish HEIs are able to charge tuition fees on a five-year trial basis for separate Master’s programmes from foreign students, provided that the arrangements include a scholarship scheme. Finnish legislation

37. What can and cannot do?

38. Location of Finnish Providers ChinaFinland Location of Chinese Students China Model 3 and Model 4 CFCRS (one campus model) Individual Finnish experts teaching or provider educational services in China How can Finnish institutions collect fees from students or clients? Model 1 Distance education Finland CFCRS (two campus model) Students will study on both the local campus in China and the campus at the Finnish institution. Model 2 Students study in Finland Pilot MA programme Contracted degree education Professional degree education Non-degree/short term training

39.  Cai, Y. (2011). Cross-border higher education in China and its implications for Finland. In Y. Cai & J. Kivistö (Eds.), Higher education reforms in Finland and China: Experiences and challenges in post-massification era (pp. 245-260). Tampere: Tampere University Press.  Cai, Y., Hölttä, S., & Lindholm, N. (2012) Developing offshore education in China: A perspective from Finland. CEREC Working Paper Series No.1. Tampere, Finland: Chinese Education Research and Exchange Centre, University of Tampere. http://www.uta.fi/jkk/cerec/publications/workpaper/CEREC%20Working%20P aper%201.pdf  Cai, Y., Hölttä, S., & Kivistö, J. (2012). Finnish higher education institutions as exporters of education--are they ready? In S. Ahola & D. Hoffman (Eds.), Higher education research in Finland: Emerging structures and contemporary issues (pp. 215-233). Jyväskylä: Finnish Institute for Higher Educational Research, University of Jyväskylä. Further readings

40.  Thank you!