1. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved.McGraw-Hill Chapter 30: The Vietnam Era Preview: “Presidents from Truman to Nixon argued that communism in Southeast Asia threatened vital American interests. But it was Lyndon Johnson who began a massive bombing campaign and sent half a million American troops to intervene in Vietnam’s civil war.” The Highlights: The Road to Vietnam The Road to Vietnam Social Consequences of the War Social Consequences of the War The Unraveling The Unraveling Nixon’s War Nixon’s War The New Identity Politics The New Identity Politics The End of an Era The End of an Era

2. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. McGraw-Hill The Road to Vietnam Lyndon Johnson’s War Lyndon Johnson’s War –The domino theory –Tonkin Gulf incident, 1964 Rolling Thunder Rolling Thunder –Escalation –Air strikes 30-2

3. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 30-3

4. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. McGraw-Hill The Soldiers’ War The Soldiers’ War –Body counts –Technology and its limits The War at Home The War at Home –Hawks and doves –McNamara loses faith –Inflation Social Consequences of the War 30-4

5. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Tet Offensive Tet Offensive –One of the great American intelligence failures –Stalemate –My Lai –“Clean for Gene” –LBJ withdraws The Shocks of 1968 The Shocks of 1968 –The King and Kennedy assassinations –Both men exemplified the liberal tradition The Unraveling 30-5

6. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 30-6

7. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Chicago Chicago –Hubert Humphrey –Revolutionary clashes worldwide Whose Silent Majority? Whose Silent Majority? –Governor George Wallace –Nixon’s “silent majority” –The election of 1968 “The clashes in Chicago seemed homegrown, but they reflected a growing willingness among students worldwide to use violence to press their revolutionary causes”(1022). 30-7

8. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 30-8

9. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Nixon’s War Vietnamization-and Cambodia Vietnamization-and Cambodia –“Peace with honor” –Nixon launched a series of bombing attacks against North Vietnamese supply depots –Invading Cambodia Fighting a No-Win War Fighting a No-Win War –Morale became a serious problem for American soldiers –As the troops became restive, domestic opposition to the war grew 30-9

10. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. McGraw-Hill The Move toward Detente The Move toward Detente –Nixon Doctrine –SALT I (1972) “Despite Nixon’s insistence on ‘peace with honor,’ Vietnam was not a war he had chosen to fight. Both Kissinger and Nixon recognized that the United States no longer had the strength to exercise unchallenged dominance across the globe”(1026). 30-10

11. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Watergate and the Politics of Resentment Nixon’s New Federalism Nixon’s New Federalism –Revenue sharing –Family Assistance Plan –Nixon reforms Stagflation Stagflation –A stagnant economy combined with rising prices –Nixon advocated federal wage and price controls 31-3

12. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Social Policies and the Court Social Policies and the Court –School busing –Nixon and the Court Us versus Them Us versus Them –Nixon administration blurred the lines between honest dissent and radical criminals –“Nattering nabobs of negativism” 31-4

13. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Triumph Triumph –George McGovern –Nixon received almost 61 percent of the popular vote The President’s Enemies The President’s Enemies –The plumbers –Impoundment: refusal to spend the appropriated money for a program 31-5

14. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Break-In Break-In –June 1972: Democratic National Committee headquarters in Watergate apartment complex burglarized –Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein To the Oval Office To the Oval Office –Senate hearings –Agnew resigns –Saturday Night Massacre 31-6

15. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Resignation Resignation –The smoking gun –Fair Campaign Practices Act (1974) “Gerald Ford inherited a presidential office almost crippled by the Watergate scandals. As the first unelected president, he had no popular mandate….By all instincts a conservative, he was determined to continue Nixon’s foreign policy of cautious détente and a domestic program of social and fiscal conservatism”(1054-55). 31-7

16. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. McGraw-Hill The New Identity Politics Latino Activism Latino Activism –Puerto Ricans and Cubans –Cesar Chavez and the UFW –Chicano activists –La Raza Unida The Choices of American Indians The Choices of American Indians –Termination: reduction of federal services, selling off land –American Indian Movement –Wounded Knee 30-11

17. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Feminism Feminism –The Feminine Mystique –National Organization for Women Equal Rights and Abortion Equal Rights and Abortion –Roe v. Wade (1973) –Women divided The Legacy of Identity Politics The Legacy of Identity Politics –Political and social activism had brought a sense of empowerment to minority groups –Identity politics forced the nation to see itself as a multicultural society 30-13

18. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Asian Americans Asian Americans –“Model minorities” –“Third world revolution” Gay Rights Gay Rights –Growing political activism placed them among minorities demanding equal rights –Stonewall incident (1969) 30-12

19. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 30-14

20. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. McGraw-Hill The Limits of Reform Consumerism Consumerism –Ralph Nader attacks GM –Consumer organizations Environmentalism Environmentalism –Conservation versus preservation –Barry Commoner and ecology –EPA established (1970) –Earth Day 31-2

21. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. McGraw-Hill The End of an Era “The war in Southeast Asia shattered the optimism of the early 1960s: the belief that the world could be remade with the help of enough brilliant intellectuals or enough federal programs”(1038). 30-15