1. Unit 1 – Thermochemistry
General Outcomes:
Determine and interpret energy changes in chemical reactions
Explain and communicate energy changes in chemical reactions

2. Key Concepts Enthalpy of formation Enthalpy of reaction ΔH notation
Hess’ Law
Molar enthalpy
Energy diagrams
Activation Energy
Catalysts
Calorimetry
Fuels and Energy Efficiency

3. Energy the potential to do work. examples of energy changes:
- chemical energy in food to motion
- solar energy to power
- geothermal energy to heat
- nuclear energy to power, heat, motion

4. Thermodynamics: study of energy changes in systems
Thermochemistry –study of energy changes involved in physical and chemical changes.

5. Laws of Thermodynamics
First Law - Energy can be neither created nor destroyed, it simply changes forms. Esystem = -Esurroundings Second Law – In any energy conversion, energy is always lost in the form of heat.

6. How do we know energy changes exist?
We can observe the effect it has on our surroundings.
Energy systems either release energy to the surroundings or absorb energy from the surroundings.
Universe = System + Surroundings

8. Three types of systems:
Open systems – matter and energy move freely in / out.
Closed systems – only energy moves in / out.
Isolated system – neither matter nor energy moves in / out.

10. Calculating Thermal Energy
Q=mcΔT YouTube - Chemistry Music Video: Em Cee Delta Tee (The Calorimetry Song)

11. Q =quantity of heat flowing in / out of that substance, measured as energy in units of joules (J) or kilojoules (kJ)
m-mass of substance undergoing the change measured in units of grams (g) or kilograms (kg)
c=heat capacity -heat required to change the temp of 1 g of substance by 1oC

12. Example Calculations (Q=mcΔT)
Many hot water heaters use the combustion of natural gas to heat the water in the tank. When 150 L of water at 10oC is heated to 65oC, how much energy flows into the water?

13. A solid substance has a mass of 250. 0 g. It is cooled by 25
A solid substance has a mass of g. It is cooled by 25.0oC, and loses kJ of heat. What is the specific heat capacity and the identity of the substance?

14. If a copper pot weighing 0. 500 kg is heated with 2
If a copper pot weighing kg is heated with kJ of energy, what is the expected temperature change?

15. Energy From the Sun
Energy from the sun is stored in the bonds of chemical substances such as fossil fuels and hydrocarbons.

16. Solar energy is captured by plants during photosynthesis.
Living tissues from plants and animals become buried. Instead of decaying, these compounds form hydrocarbons or fossil fuels.
The energy from fossil fuels is released during combustion reactions and converted into heat.

17. Photosynthesis is endothermic:
6CO2(g) + 6H2O(l) + energy  C6H12O6(s) + 6O2(g)
Cellular Respiration is exothermic:
C6H12O6(s) + 6O2(g)  6CO2(g) + 6H2O(l) + energy
Combustion is exothermic:
CH4(g) O2(g)  CO2(g) H2O(g) + energy

19. There are two types of energy that matter may possess:
Energy Types
There are two types of energy that matter may possess:
1. Kinetic energy – the energy of motion
2. Potential energy – the energy of position

20. Kinetic Energy (Ek)
faster the particle is moving, the greater the kinetic energy.
Can be found in three types:
Translational
Rotational
Vibrational

21. Ek measured indirectly by measuring the temperature of a system.
is proportional to the amount of heat a system holds.

22. Potential Energy (Ep)
Stored energy found in the bonds and inter-molecular forces of molecules
Changes in potential energy include phase changes, chemical reactions and nuclear reactions

23. Chemical Changes Are changes in potential energy
energy is required to break bonds and the energy is released when new bonds are formed.
chemical reactions:micro/macro

24. Enthalpy and Enthalpy Change
enthalpy describes the total amount of energy a system has.
Enthalpy Change (ΔH = kJ) refers to how much the total energy of a system increases or decreases during a chemical reaction.
Molar enthalpy (ΔH = kJ/mol) describes the amount of enthalpy change per mole of substance.

25. Two types of reaction enthalpies
Exothermic reaction – more energy is released in making bonds than is required to break them.
(-ΔH)
Surrounding temperature increases
Endothermic reaction – less energy is released in forming bonds than was required to break bonds.
(+ΔH)
Surrounding temperature decreases

27. Calculating enthalpy changes H = n H
H = change in enthalpy (kJ) H = molar enthalpy kJ/mol n = moles n=m/M

28. Example Calculations ΔH = nH
Hydrogen and oxygen gas react to produce g of water vapor. If the molar enthalpy of reaction is kJ/mol for water, what is the enthalpy change?

29. The molar enthalpy of combustion for ethanol is -725. 9 kJ/mol
The molar enthalpy of combustion for ethanol is kJ/mol. What mass of methanol must be burned to generate 2.34 x 104 kJ of energy?

30. What is the molar enthalpy of combustion if a 10
What is the molar enthalpy of combustion if a 10.0 g sample of pure acetic acid is burned in oxygen and produces kJ of energy?

31. Expressing Enthalpy Change
1. Molar enthalpy of a specific reaction relative to one species in the reaction.
2H2(g) + O2(g)  2H2O(g) H: kJ/mol H2O
2. Enthalpy change for a balanced reaction equation.
2H2(g) + O2(g)  2H2O(g) ∆H: kJ

32. 3. Including the energy value as part of the balanced equation.
2H2(g) + O2(g)  2H2O(g) kJ
2C(g) + 2H2(g) kJ  C2H4(g)
4. Drawing a potential energy diagram for the reaction.

34. Calorimetry
used to determine energy changes during physical or chemical processes
calorimeter : ideally an isolated system
Energy in Chemical Reactions - Learning Activit - Flash Player Installation

35. Mathematically, calorimetry may be described as:
All components of the calorimeter are included in the total energy change.
Mathematically, calorimetry may be described as:
Heat lost = heat gained
(* remember heat lost is expressed as a negative value)

36. Simple Calorimeter used for reactions in aqueous solution
can calculate the heat change in the water and use to determine enthalpy change
P 353 lists assumptions made when using a simple calorimeter

38. Example Questions
50.00mL of 0.300mol/L CuSO4(aq) is mixed with 50.00mL of NaOH(aq). The initial temperature of both solutions is oC and the highest temperature recorded after mixing is 24.60oC.
Determine the enthalpy change for the system
Determine the molar enthalpy change for CuSO4
Write the thermochemical equation.

39. Barium chloride and sodium sulfate react to produce a precipitate of barium sulfate. When mol of precipitate is formed the temperature of 3.00 kg of water is raised from to oC. Calculate the molar enthalpy of reaction for the production of barium sulphate.

40. Bomb Calorimeter
used for combustion reactions
total energy change of the calorimeter includes changes in the container itself, the water, the thermometer and the stirrer.

41. bomb calorimeters may report a heat capacity for the entire calorimeter system. (C measured in J/oC)
Q = CT

42. Example Calculations
A bomb calorimeter has a heat capacity of 40.00kJ/oC. Complete combustion of 1.00g of hydrogen causes the temperature of the calorimeter to increase by 3.54oC. What is the molar enthalpy of combustion from this evidence?

43. When 1. 00 g of propane is burned, about 2. 36 J of heat is given off
When 1.00 g of propane is burned, about 2.36 J of heat is given off. What mass of water at 50.0oC can be heated to 80oC when 4.00 mol of propane is burned?

44. A strip of magnesium metal having a mass of 1
A strip of magnesium metal having a mass of 1.22 g is placed in 100 mL of mol/L HCl(aq) in a metal can with a heat capacity of 562 J/oC. After the reaction, the temperature increased from 23.0oC to 45.5oC. Assuming the solution in the calorimeter has the same heat capacity as water, determine the heat of reaction per mole of magnesium.