1. Basic Macroeconomic Relationships 27 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2012 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

2. Income Consumption and Saving Consumption and saving Primarily determined by DI Direct relationship Consumption schedule Planned household spending (in our model) Saving schedule DI minus C Dissaving can occur LO1 27-2

3. Income, Consumption, and Saving LO1 27-3

4. Consumption and Saving Schedules Consumption and Saving Schedules (in Billions) and Propensities to Consume and Save (1) Level of Output and Income GDP=DI (2) Consumption (C) (3) Saving (S), (1) – (2) (4) Average Propensity to Consume (APC ), (2)/(1) (5) Average Propensity to Save (APS), (3)/(1) (6) Marginal Propensity to Consume (MPC),  (2)/  (1)* (7) Marginal Propensity to Save (MPS),  (3)/  (1)* (1) $370$375$-51.01-.01.75.25 (2) 390 390 01.00.00.75.25 (3) 410 405 5.99.01.75.25 (4) 430 420 10.98.02.75.25 (5) 450 435 15.97.03.75.25 (6) 470 450 20.96.04.75.25 (7) 490 465 25.95.05.75.25 (8) 510 480 30.94.06.75.25 (9) 530 495 35.93.07.75.25 (10) 550 510 40.93.07.75.25 LO1 27-4

5. Consumption and Saving Schedules 500 475 450 425 400 375 45° 50 25 0 370390 410 430 450 470 490 510 530 550 C S Consumption schedule Saving schedule Saving $5 billion Dissaving $5 billion Dissaving $5 billion Saving $5 billion Consumption (billions of dollars) Saving (billions of dollars) Disposable income (billions of dollars) LO1 27-5

6. Average Propensities Average propensity to consume (APC) Fraction of total income consumed Average propensity to save (APS) Fraction of total income saved APC =APS = consumption income saving APC + APS = 1 LO1 27-6

7. Global Perspective LO1 27-7

8. Marginal Propensities Marginal propensity to consume (MPC) Proportion of a change in income consumed Marginal propensity to save (MPS) Proportion of a change in income saved MPC =MPS = change in consumption change in income change in saving MPC + MPS = 1 LO1 27-8

9. Marginal Propensities Disposable income Consumption Saving S C MPC = MPS = 15 20 =.75  C ($15)  DI ($20)  S ($5) 5 20 =.25 LO1 27-9

10. Nonincome Determinants Amount of disposable income is the main determinant Other determinants Wealth Borrowing Expectations Real interest rates LO2 27-10

11. Other Important Considerations Switching to real GDP Changes along schedules Simultaneous shifts Taxation Stability LO2 27-11

12. Shifts of C & S Schedules 45° C0C0 S0S0 Real GDP (billions of dollars) Consumption (billions of dollars) Saving (billions of dollars) C2C2 C1C1 S1S1 S2S2 0 0 - + LO2 27-12

13. Interest-Rate-Investment Expected rate of return The real interest rate Investment demand curve LO3 27-13

14. Investment Demand Curve Expected rate of return, r and real interest rate, i (percents) 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Investment (billions of dollars) ID (r) and (i) Investment (billions of dollars) 16%$ 0 14 5 12 10 15 8 20 6 25 4 30 2 35 0 40 Investment demand curve LO3 27-14

15. Shifts of Investment Demand Acquisition, maintenance, and operating costs Business taxes Technological change Stock of capital goods on hand Planned inventory changes Expectations LO4 27-15

16. Shifts of Investment Demand Expected rate of return, r, and real interest rate, i (percents) 0 Investment (billions of dollars) ID 0 ID 1 ID 2 Increase in investment demand Decrease in investment demand LO4 27-16

17. Global Perspective LO4 27-17

18. Instability of Investment Variability of expectations Durability Irregularity of innovation Variability of profits LO4 27-18

19. Instability of Investment Source: Bureau of Economic Analysis, http://www.bea.gov.http://www.bea.gov LO4 27-19

20. The Multiplier Effect A change in spending changes real GDP more than the initial change in spending Multiplier = change in real GDP initial change in spending Change in GDP = multiplier x initial change in spending LO5 27-20

21. The Multiplier Effect (1) Change in Income (2) Change in Consumption (MPC =.75) (3) Change in Saving (MPS =.25) Increase in investment of $5.00$5.00$3.75$1.25 Second round 3.75 2.81.94 Third round 2.81 2.11.70 Fourth round 2.11 1.58.53 Fifth round 1.58 1.19.39 All other rounds 4.75 3.56 1.19 Total $20.00$15.00$5.00 $3.75 $2.81 $2.11 $1.58 $4.75 Cumulative income, GDP (billions of dollars) 20.00 15.25 13.67 11.56 8.75 5.00 2354 All others 1 LO5 27-21

22. Multiplier and Marginal Propensities Multiplier and MPC directly related Large MPC results in larger increases in spending Multiplier and MPS inversely related Large MPS results in smaller increases in spending Multiplier = 1 1- MPC Multiplier = 1 MPS LO5 27-22

23. Multiplier and Marginal Propensities 10 5 4 3 2.5.67.75.8.9 MPCMultiplier LO5 27-23

24. The Actual Multiplier Effect? Actual multiplier is lower than the model assumes Consumers buy imported products Households pay income taxes Inflation Multiplier may be 0 LO5 27-24

25. Squaring the Economic Circle Humorous small town example of the multiplier One person in town decides not to buy a product Creates a ripple effect of people not spending, following the first decision Ultimately the entire town experiences an economic downturn 27-25