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Module 10/11 Stream Surveys Stream Surveys – February 2004 Part 4 – Biological Assessment
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Developed by: Richards, Reed, Ruzycki Updated: February 2004 U3-m10/11d-s2 Objectives Students will be able to: explain the role of periphyton in determining environmental conditions. describe methods used to analyze periphyton samples. explain why macroinvertebrates are used as indicators for water quality. describe methods used to collect benthic macroinvertebrates. explain how fish can be used to determine water quality. categorize and provide examples of common fish types found in streams. use the index of biological integrity to characterize fish communities in streams and lakes.
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Developed by: Richards, Reed, Ruzycki Updated: February 2004 U3-m10/11d-s3 Stream assessments Water quality Habitat Hydrologic Biological Watershed
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Developed by: Richards, Reed, Ruzycki Updated: February 2004 U3-m10/11d-s4 Biological assessments
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Developed by: Richards, Reed, Ruzycki Updated: February 2004 U3-m10/11d-s5 Biological assessments Aquatic vegetation: periphyton macrophytes Macroinvertebrate sampling Fish
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Developed by: Richards, Reed, Ruzycki Updated: February 2004 U3-m10/11d-s6 Stream organism diversity Just a general view of diversity – in Northern Minnesota there may be roughly 40 species of fish, 400-500 species of macroinvertebrates, and maybe 4000 species of algae.
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Developed by: Richards, Reed, Ruzycki Updated: February 2004 U3-m10/11d-s7 Periphyton
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Developed by: Richards, Reed, Ruzycki Updated: February 2004 U3-m10/11d-s8 Periphyton as indicators Periphyton are used as indicators of environmental condition because they respond rapidly and are sensitive to a number of anthropogenic disturbances, including: habitat degradation nutrient enrichment metals herbicides hydrocarbons acidification
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Developed by: Richards, Reed, Ruzycki Updated: February 2004 U3-m10/11d-s9 Periphyton Biomass Measurements Ash-Free Dry Weight Pigment Analysis Biovolume Measurement
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Developed by: Richards, Reed, Ruzycki Updated: February 2004 U3-m10/11d-s10 Periphyton – Sampling methods One way to scrape a known area is to lay a plastic 35 mm slide (film removed) over the rock and scrape off the material within the slide area scrub area = 2.3cmX3.5cm=8cm2
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Developed by: Richards, Reed, Ruzycki Updated: February 2004 U3-m10/11d-s11 Rocks don’t always look like they have much on them Nearly all the stuff scrubbed off this one was organic matter –most of it living algae S.Loeb and J.Reuter images Periphyton – Sampling methods
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Developed by: Richards, Reed, Ruzycki Updated: February 2004 U3-m10/11d-s12 Material from a rock scrub contains macro and micro invertebrates, detritus, fungi, bacteria, as well as algae Periphyton – in situ sampling
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Developed by: Richards, Reed, Ruzycki Updated: February 2004 U3-m10/11d-s13 Periphyton – III. Preservation methods Lugols’s iodine can used if the algae of interest are soft bodied forms (i.e. blue-greens and green algae). If interested only in diatoms, it may be best to preserve in 70% ethanol. Freeze sediment samples if they are to be analyzed for surficial chlorophyll.
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Developed by: Richards, Reed, Ruzycki Updated: February 2004 U3-m10/11d-s14 Here’s a portion of the previous sample after being deposited on a glass fiber filter in preparation for chlorophyll extraction or AFDW determination. Periphyton – sample prep
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Developed by: Richards, Reed, Ruzycki Updated: February 2004 U3-m10/11d-s15 Periphyton – pigment analysis Chlorophyll extraction: Tear filter into several pieces Place in a test tube Add 10 mLs of 90% acetone Extract overnight at 4 o C Chlorophyll analysis After 18-24 hr extraction, centrifuge to settle filter debris Read absorbance or fluorescence of the supernatant
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Developed by: Richards, Reed, Ruzycki Updated: February 2004 U3-m10/11d-s16 Periphyton – biomass estimation Wet weight Dry weight (dried at 103–105 o C) Ash free dry weight (AFDW) Loss on ignition (LOI) Combust at 475-550 o C Chlorophyll (extract as per phytoplankton) Particulate organic carbon and/or nitrogen (POC or PON) Muffle furnace
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Developed by: Richards, Reed, Ruzycki Updated: February 2004 U3-m10/11d-s17 Once you have a measure of chlorophyll or AFDW you’ll need to calculate per unit area. Periphyton – biomass calculations
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Developed by: Richards, Reed, Ruzycki Updated: February 2004 U3-m10/11d-s18 Aquatic macrophytes Macrophytes can provide habitat in streams Bioassessment usually includes List of species present An estimate of percent cover
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Developed by: Richards, Reed, Ruzycki Updated: February 2004 U3-m10/11d-s19 Collecting benthic macroinvertebrates
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Developed by: Richards, Reed, Ruzycki Updated: February 2004 U3-m10/11d-s20 Aquatic macroinvertebrates as indicators Play important functional roles in stream ecosystems Represent a fundamental link in the food web between organic matter resources (e.g., leaf litter, periphyton, detritus) and fishes. Within specific biogeographical regions, assemblages respond in predictable ways to changes in stream environmental variables. Because many have limited migration patterns or a sessile mode of life, they are particularly well suited for assessing site-specific effects.
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Developed by: Richards, Reed, Ruzycki Updated: February 2004 U3-m10/11d-s21 Benthic Macroinvertebrates Riverwatch protocol Collection Devices D-nets Drift nets Sweep nets
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Developed by: Richards, Reed, Ruzycki Updated: February 2004 U3-m10/11d-s22 Macroinvertebrate sampling protocol 1. Locate a safe sampling site within a riffle in a wadable stream. 2. Using a kick net, disturb the substrate in the area upstream of the net for about 2 minutes. 3. Use arm's length as a guideline for area upstream of net to disturb. Empty sample ( a "kick") into a bucket. Repeat until 3 kicks are collected, each from a different location in the riffle.
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Developed by: Richards, Reed, Ruzycki Updated: February 2004 U3-m10/11d-s23 Macroinvertebrate sampling protocol 4. Samples should all be pooled in the bucket (a "replicate"). Add enough water to fill the bucket about half full. 5. Thoroughly mix contents of bucket to suspend organisms in the water column. Quickly scoop a sample using a subsampler. Transfer this subsample to a white picking tray.
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Developed by: Richards, Reed, Ruzycki Updated: February 2004 U3-m10/11d-s24 Macroinvertebrate sampling protocol 6. Add water to ice cube tray compartments. Separate similar critters from the white picking tray into ice cube compartments using taxonomic resources as ID references. Sort all organisms in your white picking tray, not just those that are obvious. 7. Continue to subsample the bucket (mix well each time) until at least 100 organisms have been counted (if you like, you're welcome to count more!)
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Developed by: Richards, Reed, Ruzycki Updated: February 2004 U3-m10/11d-s25 Macroinvertebrate sampling protocol 8. If about 100 critters have been counted before emptying the bucket, examine the "leftovers" for any obvious organisms that escaped sampling, especially those that are not already represented in your count. Include these in the final count. 9. Sample additional locations in the riffle if more organisms are needed (collect additional "replicates"). 10. Count and record the number of individuals from each taxonomic group.
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Developed by: Richards, Reed, Ruzycki Updated: February 2004 U3-m10/11d-s26 Sampling devices - nets Kick-net D-net Surber sampler drift-net
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Developed by: Richards, Reed, Ruzycki Updated: February 2004 U3-m10/11d-s27 Dredges Commonly used to grab a bottom sediment sample in lakes, estuaries and slower moving rivers Collect soft sediments (mud and muck) for sieving out benthic organisms and also obtaining bulk sediment characteristics Common types Ekman Peterson Ponar Quantitative corers Box corers Sampling devices - dredges
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Developed by: Richards, Reed, Ruzycki Updated: February 2004 U3-m10/11d-s28 Benthic invertebrates – sample processing Separating organisms from organic matter and sediments Sorting into taxonomic groups Identifying to desired taxonomic level Data entry
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Developed by: Richards, Reed, Ruzycki Updated: February 2004 U3-m10/11d-s29 Benthic invertebrates – sample processing Rinse the sample in a 500 m mesh sieve to remove and fine sediment. Sticks and leaves can be visually inspected and then discarded.
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Developed by: Richards, Reed, Ruzycki Updated: February 2004 U3-m10/11d-s30 Benthic invertebrates - Sub sampling Spread the sample evenly across a pan marked with grids Randomly select 4 squares, remove the material preserve in jars
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Developed by: Richards, Reed, Ruzycki Updated: February 2004 U3-m10/11d-s31 Benthic invertebrates - identification Most organisms are identified to the lowest possible taxonomic level Lowest taxonomic level depends on the goals of the analysis, expertise, and available funds
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Developed by: Richards, Reed, Ruzycki Updated: February 2004 U3-m10/11d-s32 Benthic invertebrates – data processing Metric An attribute with empirical change in value along a gradient of human influence In other words, a measurement made to determine if humans have had an impact in a natural system. Index An integrative expression of site conditions across multiple metrics. An index of biological integrity is often composed of at least 7 metrics. (Karr and Chu 1997)
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Developed by: Richards, Reed, Ruzycki Updated: February 2004 U3-m10/11d-s33 Benthic invertebrates - data metrics Many metrics have been developed for aquatic invertebrates. Richness measures Composition measures Tolerance measures Trophic/habitat measures
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Developed by: Richards, Reed, Ruzycki Updated: February 2004 U3-m10/11d-s34 Major groups of macroinvertebrates Orders Coleoptera-the beetles The Crustaceans and Arachnida Diptera-the true flies Ephemeroptera-the mayflies Hemiptera-the true bugs Megaloptera-dobsonflies, alderflies, and fishflies Odonata-dragonflies and damselflies Plecoptera-the stoneflies Trichoptera-the caddisflies The worms
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Developed by: Richards, Reed, Ruzycki Updated: February 2004 U3-m10/11d-s35 Macroinvertebrate keys New York Dept Environmental Conservation http://www.dec.state.ny.us/website/dow/stream/orderpageone.htm http://www.dec.state.ny.us/website/dow/stream/orderpageone.htm US EPA http://www.epa.gov/bioindicators/html/benthosclean.html http://www.epa.gov/bioindicators/html/benthosclean.html Save our Stream http://wsrv.clas.virginia.edu/%7Esos-iwla/Stream- Study/Key/MacroKeyIntro.HTML http://wsrv.clas.virginia.edu/%7Esos-iwla/Stream- Study/Key/MacroKeyIntro.HTML Digital key to the aquatic insects of North Dakota http://www.waterbugkey.vcsu.edu/Keyp1.htm http://www.waterbugkey.vcsu.edu/Keyp1.htm Duluth Streams http://www.duluthstreams.org/understanding/benthos_ID.html
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Developed by: Richards, Reed, Ruzycki Updated: February 2004 U3-m10/11d-s36 Fish
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Developed by: Richards, Reed, Ruzycki Updated: February 2004 U3-m10/11d-s37 Fish Fish and other aquatic vertebrates can indicate stream quality Extensive life history information is available for many species, Because many fish are high order consumers, they often reflect the responses of the entire trophic structure to environmental stress Fish provide a more publicly understandable indicator of environmental degradation Fish generally have long life histories and integrate pollution effects over longer time periods and large spatial scales
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Developed by: Richards, Reed, Ruzycki Updated: February 2004 U3-m10/11d-s38 Fish Varieties Collection Methods Seines Electroshocking Backpack Barge or boat
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Developed by: Richards, Reed, Ruzycki Updated: February 2004 U3-m10/11d-s39 Electroshocking USFWS http://www.epa.gov/nerlesd1/land-sci/water/fig9.htm
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Developed by: Richards, Reed, Ruzycki Updated: February 2004 U3-m10/11d-s40 Netting Seines Slide to be completed by 3/31/04
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Developed by: Richards, Reed, Ruzycki Updated: February 2004 U3-m10/11d-s41 Major groups of fish Petromyzontidae - lampreys Acipenseridae – sturgeons Amiidae – bowfin Cyprinidae – minnows, dace, chubs, carp Catostomidae – suckers Ictaluridae – bullheads, catfish, madtoms Esocidae – pike Umbridae – mudminnows Umbridae – salmon, trout, whitefish Gasterosteidae – sticklebacks Cottidae – sculpins Moronidae – white perch, white bass Centrarchidae – bass, sunfish Centrarchidae – darters, perch, walleye
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Developed by: Richards, Reed, Ruzycki Updated: February 2004 U3-m10/11d-s42 Fish – trophic designations Piscivore Herbivore Omnivore Insectivore Filter feeder Generalist Invertivore
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Developed by: Richards, Reed, Ruzycki Updated: February 2004 U3-m10/11d-s43 Fish: index of biotic integrity http://www.epa.gov/nerlesd1/land-sci/water/fig3.htm
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Developed by: Richards, Reed, Ruzycki Updated: February 2004 U3-m10/11d-s44 Fish: index of biotic integrity This index is a scientifically validated combination of measurements concerning fish communities in streams and rivers. The components of a typical fish IBI fall into three broad categories: 1. fish species richness and abundance, 2. food chain composition and reproductive function, and 3. fish abundance and condition.
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Developed by: Richards, Reed, Ruzycki Updated: February 2004 U3-m10/11d-s45 Fish: index of biotic integrity An IBI is expressed as a single index value, based on the measurements of particular characteristics of the stream or river Because the rivers and streams are physically, chemically and biologically diverse, the measured characteristics are compared to specific reference values for the type and location of river or stream.
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Developed by: Richards, Reed, Ruzycki Updated: February 2004 U3-m10/11d-s46 Fish: index of biotic integrity IBI values range from 0 to 100. A low IBI value indicates the fish community is substantially different from a minimally disturbed stream in the same geographic area. A high IBI value indicates the fish community is similar to a minimally disturbed stream in the same geographic region
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Developed by: Richards, Reed, Ruzycki Updated: February 2004 U3-m10/11d-s47 Stream surveys - references Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations Reports http://water.usgs.gov/pubs/twri/ http://water.usgs.gov/pubs/twri/ National Field Manual for the Collection of Water-Quality Data http://water.usgs.gov/owq/FieldManual/ http://water.usgs.gov/owq/FieldManual/ Rapid bioassessment protocols for wadeable streams http://www.epa.gov/owow/monitoring/rbp/ http://
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