1. THE NATION BREAKING APART (1846 – 1861)
Chapter 15
THE NATION BREAKING APART
(1846 – 1861)

2. Section 1 Growing Tensions Between North & South
Main Idea: Disagreements between the North & South, especially over the issue of slavery, led to political conflict.
Why it Matters: Regional differences can make national problems difficult to resolve.

3. A Series of Compromises
Missouri Compromise
The issue of slavery was tearing apart the nation. To keep the Union together, Congress had created a series of compromises.
The Missouri Compromise of 1820 maintained a balance between slave and free states.
Maine was a free state and Missouri a slave state
A Line was drawn (36-30 degrees) to end any future debate over slavery…..…at least they thought

5. Manifest Destiny = Problems
The vast land acquired in Manifest Destiny would soon created new problems over the old issue of slavery.
Should the new territories allow slavery or be free? Many Northerners feared the southerners would soon rush into the new territories and bring their slaves.

6. Wilmot Proviso Wanted to outlaw slavery in any new territory
It divided Congress and never became a law. It did lead to the creation of the Free-Soil Party (dedicated to stopping the expansion of slavery.
By 1849, California had enough citizens to apply for statehood, but this would disrupt the balance in Congress.
Henry Clay stepped in to settle the California problem

7. COMPROMISE OF 1850 To Please the North
California would be admitted as a free state.
The slave trade would be abolished in Washington D.C.

8. To Please the South
The New Mexico and Utah Territories would be able to decide the issue of slavery by a majority vote. The citizen's would decide whether or not to allow slavery. (popular sovereignty)

9. Section 2 The Crisis Deepens
Main Idea: Turmoil over slavery led to acts of violence.
Why it Matters: Violence can make compromise more difficult.

10. Congress also passed the Fugitive Slave Act
Congress also passed the Fugitive Slave Act. Made it illegal to assist or help runaway slaves.
It denied a fugitive's right to a jury trial. As a result, many free blacks were captured and taking South.

11. Uncle Tom's Cabin
Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852) to portray slavery as brutal and immoral.
The novel follows the life of a old slave named Uncle Tom. Stowe showed the evils of slavery throughout his life.
Uncle Tom’s Cabin heightened the conflict between North and South
President Lincoln is quoted as having declared, "So this is the little lady who made this big war”

12. “A house divided against itself can not stand”. Abraham Lincoln
“I tremble for my country when I reflect that God is just. His justice cannot sleep forever.”
Thomas Jefferson
“I am quite certain that the crimes of this guilty land will never be purged away, but with blood.”
John Brown
“I can not and WILL not live in a country where my servant and field hand is my equal.”.
Senator Wigfall from Texas
“If you persist, the Union will be dissolved. You have kindled a fire which all the waters of the ocean cannot put out, which seas of blood can only extinguish”
Thomas Cobb
“A house divided against itself can not stand”.
Abraham Lincoln

13. Breakdown of Compromise

14. Franklin Pierce - Democrat
14th President of the United States, (1853 to 1857)

15. Kansas-Nebraska Act 1854
The Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 created the territories of Kansas and Nebraska.
Allowed the settlers to decide whether or not to have slavery within those territories.
popular sovereignty=people rule
The act was created by Democratic Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois.
The act repealed the line of the Missouri Compromise

17. Bleeding Kansas
Proslavery and antislavery settlers rushed into the Kansas Territory (1855).
5000 proslavery Missourians came and voted illegally giving legislative power in Kansas to the proslavery group.
Antislavery settlers boycotted and created their own government.
A proslavery mob attacked and destroyed Lawrence Kansas, killing antislavery members.
To avenge the Sack of Lawrence, John Brown (an extreme abolitionist) attacked and murdered 7 proslavery neighbors.

19. Brooks-Sumner Affair
Violence in Congress
Massachusetts Senator Charles Sumner gave a speech in Congress attacking proslavery forces in Kansas. He also insulted Senator Butler from South Carolina.
Preston Brooks (S.C. Congressmen) attacked Sumner on the floor of Congress. He hit him over 30 times with a cane.
Southerners cheered Brooks, Northerners chanted Bleeding Kansas, Bleeding Sumner.

20. Section 3 Slavery Dominates Politics
Main Idea: Disagreement over slavery led to the formation of the Republican Party and heightened sectional tensions.
Why it Matters: The Democrats and the Republicans are the major political parties of today.

21. CRISIS DEEPENS

22. James Buchanan - Democrat
15th President

23. Dred Scott Case 1857 Dred Scott sued for his freedom
Abolitionists believed this case could end slavery
Supreme Court ruled African-Americans were not citizens and had NO RIGHTS
Congress had no right to ban slavery in any territory. “Slavery was Lawful and Legal”
Slaves were property, thus
protected by the 5th Amendment in the Constitution.

24. Republican Party
The Republican party was formed in reaction to the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854.
The party was created from the Northern Whigs, Free-Soilers and a few Northern Democrats who opposed slavery.
The Republican Parties goal was to oppose the spread of slavery.
The parties new leader was a young Illinois politician named Abraham Lincoln.

25. Lincoln-Douglas Debates
1858 Republican Abe Lincoln ran against Democrat Stephen A. Douglas for the Illinois US Senate seat.
Lincoln argued in the HOUSE DIVIDED SPEECH “a house divided against itself cannot stand”” Lincoln believed slavery should not be expanded.
Douglas (Little Giant) argued slavery should be decided by popular sovereignty.
Douglas won a close race, but Lincoln made a name for him and his new party.

26. Harpers Ferry Attack 1859
Abolitionist John Brown had a plan to inspire slaves to fight for their freedom.
Brown and several white and black men attacked a US Marine arsenal to capture weapons and supply a slave revolt.
The attack failed and John Brown was captured.
He was hanged for murder and treason.
Southerners were outraged by his actions, Northerners praised his deeds.
“I am quite certain that the crimes of this guilty land will never be purged away, but with blood.”
John Brown

27. LAST MOMENTS OF JOHN BROWN

28. Section 4 Lincoln’s Election and Southern Secession
Main Idea: The election of Lincoln led the Southern states to secede from the Union.
Why it Matters: This was the only time in U.S. history that states seceded from the Union.

29. The Election of 1860
In the election of 1860 the Democrats split their vote between 2 candidates
Douglas (popular sovereignty) Breckinridge (States Rights)
Others joined a new party “Constitutional Union”
John Bell (preserve the Union)
Lincoln was the Republican candidate.( Stop Slavery)

32. Lincoln %
Douglass %
Breckinridge 18%
Bell %
Lincoln wins the election, but only receives 40% of the popular vote….and not 1 electoral vote from the South.

33. RESULTS OF THE ELECTION, CONTINUED:
Outraged…the south threatens to secede.
Dec 20, South Carolina Secedes. Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana and Texas soon follow

36. On the Brink of WAR
I have no purpose, directly or indirectly, to interfere with the institution of slavery in the States where it exists. I believe I have no lawful right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so.
Abraham Lincoln

37. South Secedes
South Carolina seceded on Dec 20, 1860……Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana and Texas also left.
These states formed the Confederate States of America and named Jefferson Davis as President
“We ask only to be left alone”

39. First Inaugural Address
Abraham Lincoln’s
First Inaugural Address
March 4, 1861 Washington, D.C.
We are not enemies, but friends. We must not be enemies. Though passion may have strained it must not break our bonds of affection. The mystic chords of memory, stretching from every battlefield and patriot grave to every living heart and hearthstone all over this broad land, will yet swell the chorus of the Union, when again touched, as surely they will be, by the better angels of our nature.

40. Lincoln promised he would not abolish slavery,
but also promised he would NOT let the southern states secede.

41. Fort Sumter April 12, 1861
North Carolina, Tennessee, Arkansas and Virginia joined the Confederate States of America after the battle of Fort Sumter….bringing the total to 11 states that seceded

42. General Robert E. Lee
Lincoln’s first choice to led the Union Army was General Robert E. Lee of Virginia. Lee did not believe in slavery or secession.
“I can not raise my hand against my birthplace, my home, my children”
General Robert E. Lee of Virginia was selected as Commander of the Confederate Army

43. Border States “Choosing Sides”
Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland and Delaware were slave states that were against secession..
They joined the Union and tipped the balance of power to the North……24 Union States v 11 Confederate States