1. August 2008 Plant Life Cycles Chapter #2 Modified by Georgia Agriculture Education Curriculum Office June 2002

2. August 2008 What is a Life Cycle? from the time a seed is planted until the time that a seed is produced

3. August 2008 What are the Life Cycles? Annuals, Biennials, & Perennials

4. August 2008 Annual complete life cycle in one growing season –can be summer annuals (spring wheat, barley) or winter annuals (winter wheat)

5. August 2008 Biennials require two growing seasons to produce seed –first season plant produces vegetation, second season seed (sugar beet, carrot)

6. August 2008 Perennials indefinite growth, can produce seed annually (grasses, trees, shrubs, onion)

7. August 2008 What is a Seed? package containing an embryo (miniature plant) and food seeds are alive, need air

8. August 2008 What is Germination? process where embryo changes to seedling (growing plant)

9. August 2008 What conditions are necessary for germination? 1) moisture 2) correct temperature 3) air 4) some seeds need light 5) some seeds need help (break seed coat [sunflower], remove a chemical from seed, heat, chill [winter wheat])

10. August 2008 What are Warm Season Crops? soil temperature must be 70 degrees F or more for germination (corn, rice, cotton, melons)

11. August 2008 What are Cool Season Crops? soil temp below 70 degrees F (wheat, barley, beets)

12. August 2008 How deep do seeds need to be planted? the size of the seed determines larger seed = deeper corn = 4" bluegrass = 1/4"

13. August 2008 Germination Process 1) seed absorbs water, swells 2) water activates enzymes which help digest stored food 3) root grows 4) shoot emerges (is now a seedling)

14. August 2008 What is vegetative growth? plant produces food for itself extra food is stored in roots, stems, etc.

15. August 2008 What is…? when new stems are formed in grass plants Tillering (Stooling)? Jointing? stems of grass plants elongate rapidly Respiration? process how plants get energy from its stored food

16. August 2008 How is food stored in plants? form of carbohydrates (sugars)

17. August 2008 How does respiration work? Food + Oxygen --> Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy

18. August 2008 What factors can influence the rate of respiration? 1) high temps = high rate of respiration 2) high amounts of light = high rate 3) high amounts of water = high rate

19. August 2008 What is Photosynthesis? process of converting water and carbon dioxide into food (sugar) and oxygen in the presence of chlorophyll and light photosynthesis and respiration are opposite cycles

20. August 2008 What is Transpiration? process of returning water to the air (in the form of gas) 99% of water taken in by roots is transpired Wilt = plant transpires more than it takes in

21. August 2008 What are Nutrients? elements needed by plants to grow What are Macronutrients? needed in large amounts C, H, O, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S) plants get C, H, O from air and water

22. August 2008 What are Primary Nutrients? N, P, K What are Secondary Nutrients? Ca, Mg, S needed less Nutrients

23. August 2008 What are Micronutrients? needed in small amounts, but essential excess amounts are toxic Fe, Bo, Mn, Zn, Mo, Cu, Cl

24. August 2008 16 Essential Nutrients C H O P K N S Ca Fe Mg B Mn Cu Zn Cl Mo An easy way to help remember essential nutrients is with the help of this sentence (each word or letter stands for each nutrient): C Hopkins Café Managed By Mine Cousin Clomo