1. Technology Management and Policy / RdN ROLE AND NATURE OF TECHNOLOGY POLICY MANAGEMENT IN ENGINEERING SCHOOLS  Dr. Richard de Neufville  Professor of Engineering Systems  and Founding Chairman  Technology and Policy Program  M.I.T.

2. Technology Management and Policy / RdN OUTLINE Need and Role in Society for Technology Policy Management Curricular Needs Research Needs

3. Technology Management and Policy / RdN MOTIVATION and NEED for TECHNOLOGY POLICY MANAGEMENT Major Societal Issues involve both Technology and Policy/Management  transport, energy, industry, environment Traditional Education not adequate  narrow focus on either, but not both Result: Clash; loss of opportunities Need: A cadre of leaders in both technology and policy/management

4. Technology Management and Policy / RdN INTELLECTUAL HOME for TECHNOLOGY POLICY MANAGEMENT Institutions for national leaders Must have strong basis in technology  “impossible” to teach technology to people who do not have strong basis in science and math  e.g.: MIT, CMU, Stanford, Cambridge Univ. At Institutions focused on technology, must be in engineering schools  e.g.: Delft, Instituto Superior Tecnico

5. Technology Management and Policy / RdN NATIONAL ROLE of TMP PROGRAMS Prepare leaders on broad range of issues with technical content In governments -- ministries, etc In industry -- since private sector often sets and implements technology strategy  e.g.: communications, manufacturing, etc.

6. Technology Management and Policy / RdN NATIONAL NEEDS from TMP PROGRAMS Leaders knowledgeable in technology and policy with an understanding of societal needs who can implement effectively

7. Technology Management and Policy / RdN SPECIAL ROLE FOR TMP PROGRAMS TMP Programs are not same as business or economics programs  Emphasis on technology  Consideration of national needs, politics  Concern for proper regulation of technology TMP Programs distinct in  recruitment -- engineers and scientists  content -- focus on technical issues  placements -- technologically based activities

8. Technology Management and Policy / RdN CURRICULAR NEEDS for TMP: CONTENT Leadership training Technological expertise  e.g.: mechanical, environmental engineering Knowledge in applied social sciences  e.g.: economics, law, management Political perspective Implementation skills

9. Technology Management and Policy / RdN CURRICULAR NEEDS for TMP: TYPES OF CLASSES Many are traditional  e.g.: transport, dynamics, industrial engineering  also: economics, politics, law But, a coherent curriculum is not a zoo: 1 from each species! Need: Integrative subjects, that help students learn how to lead, implement

10. Technology Management and Policy / RdN CURRICULAR NEEDS for TMP: LEADERSHIP CLASSES Leadership is more than “command” It involves  Identifying goals, developing and maintaining support, teamwork, attention to implementation  Willingness to take risks These skills can be developed  Group exercises, role models  Good experience at MIT

11. Technology Management and Policy / RdN CURRICULAR NEEDS for TMP: INTEGRATIVE CLASSES Technical and Policy/Management disciplines differ deeply  “there is a technical answer”  “values differ, so there is no right answer” Bridging these views requires skill  Understanding stakeholder interests  Appreciating value, processes of negotiation This is key role of integrative classes

12. Technology Management and Policy / RdN CURRICULAR NEEDS for TMP: NEW SUBJECTS Beyond technical subjects… Economics, Politics (if unavailable) Leadership experience, exposure  Special courses, visits with leaders, etc. Integrative classes  Subjects oriented around system studies, etc. (MIT Proseminars)

13. Technology Management and Policy / RdN CURRICULAR NEEDS for TMP: IMPLEMENTATION Needed classes cannot all be taken from existing programs New types of classes essential Use success elsewhere (MIT, Delft…)  Adapt courses for local conditions  Collaborative teaching (in person, at distance)

14. Technology Management and Policy / RdN RESEARCH NEEDS for TMP: MANY MAJOR OPEN ISSUES Many topics at union of technology and management/policy neglected for lack of capable people Some examples:  Designing for uncertainty (risks, rewards)  Effects of regulations (local content, pricing)  Value of specialized knowledge clusters  Collaborative, lean design and manufacture  etc., etc

15. Technology Management and Policy / RdN RESEARCH NEEDS for TMP: APPROPRIATE RESEARCHERS Researchers from traditional disciplines not sufficient  Engineers not expert on economics, policy; e.g.: history of nuclear power industry  Economists not up on technical opportunities; e.g.: failures of regulation in California, UK Need: researchers solidly prepared in both technology and social sciences  e.g.: TMP Program at MIT

16. Technology Management and Policy / RdN RESEARCH NEEDS for TMP: LOCAL ACTIVITY Clear value to collaboration with network of international colleagues, however: Portugal needs its own research work  Focused on its issues (not those of US, UK)  Adapted to local politics, history, values

17. Technology Management and Policy / RdN RESEARCH NEEDS for TMP: INVOLVEMENT WITH LOCAL ISSUES Local focus desirable for  Efficiency of effort -- because local activities have competitive advantage internationally  National needs -- This is the justification for national support  Education and placement of students -- local issues motivate, provide context for students; local contacts develop job opportunities

18. Technology Management and Policy / RdN RESEARCH NEEDS for TMP: AN EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITY Research into local issues is a key factor in the educational program The research itself provides many opportunities for system studies and analyses of technology, management and policy

19. Technology Management and Policy / RdN CONCLUSION Formation of Portuguese program in Technology, Policy Management is an important educational step A valued partner of international team Strong local effort needs  integrative activities  coherent research program

20. Technology Management and Policy / RdN MUITO OBRIGADO!