1. The Way Ahead How can we make a difference for good as a result of this meeting? What problems are we trying to solve? Laboratory Capacity? Clinical/Diagnostics, Research, Animal, Human, other… Labs not sustainable? Concerns about biosafety? Concerns about biosecurity? Slowing or limiting science integration? Lack of public health infrastructure? Local populations’ perception of labs? Other? Where are the tensions?

2. The Way Ahead What can we do? Education: behavioral/social as well as technical Training: Hands-on, to fit the situation and staff Changing the way we describe our labs…. Terminology - BSL levels might be too constraining when working globally - Risk assessments/levels vs BSL levels Attempt to demystify ‘select agents.’...focus on relevant agents Address sustainability by focusing on ‘relevant agents’ Increase focus on enhancing human resources - Skilled humans are the greatest asset - Develop programs that ‘build’ leaders

3. The Way Ahead What can we do? Send credible, experience-appropriate individuals to collaborate Consider regional laboratory approach, where appropriate Strengthen ‘hub’ labs …which, in turn, support their own networks Consider long-term ‘twinning’ between laboratories Provide assistance in ‘needs’ decision making - Joint analysis of needs vs ‘here’s what you need!’ The TB Model Frugal Engineering….Practical, less-expensive design and construction. Function-based testing of hoods and other facility or equipment such as hoods Understand real and intangible impacts of what we do to enhance safety and security.

4. The Way Ahead What can we do? What Roles for Biosafety Associations? Change our vocabulary… WHO Biosafety Manual----  Possibly impact IHRs? Exploit major (common) challenges - International Guidelines - Regional Application - National Legislation - Local Implementation