1. Chapter 54 Ecosystem Dynamics
AP Biology
Chapter 54
Ecosystem Dynamics

2. LE 54-2 Tertiary consumers Microorganisms and other detritivores
Secondary
consumers
Primary consumers
Detritus
Primary producers
Heat
Key
Chemical cycling
Sun
Energy flow

3. 10% Rule of Energy

4. LE 54-4 Open ocean Continental shelf 65.0 125 24.4 5.2 360 5.6 Estuary
Algal beds and reefs
0.3
0.1
1,500
1.2
2,500
0.9
Upwelling zones
Extreme desert, rock, sand, ice
500
0.1
4.7
3.0
0.04
Desert and semidesert scrub
Tropical rain forest
3.5 90
0.9
3.3
2,200 22
Savanna
Cultivated land
2.9
900
7.9
2.7
600
9.1
Boreal forest (taiga)
Temperate grassland
2.4
800
9.6
1.8
600
5.4
Woodland and shrubland
Tundra
1.7
700
3.5
1.6
140
0.6
Tropical seasonal forest
1.5
1,600
7.1
Temperate deciduous forest
Temperate evergreen forest
1.3
1,200
4.9
1.0
1,300
3.8
Swamp and marsh
Lake and stream
0.4
2,000
2.3
250
0.3 10 20 30 40 50 60
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500 5 10 15 20 25
Key
Percentage of Earth’s
surface area
Average net primary
production (g/m2/yr)
Percentage of Earth’s net
primary production
Marine
Terrestrial
Freshwater (on continents)

5. Fig: 54.5 Productivity of the Earth (Based on Chlorophyll Density)

6. (millions of cells/mL) (millions of cells per mL)
LE 54-6 30 21
Long Island
Shinnecock
Bay 19 5 15 4 11
Great South Bay
Moriches Bay 2
Atlantic Ocean
Coast of Long Island, New York 8
Phytoplankton 8 7
Inorganic
phosphorus 7 6 6
(millions of cells/mL)
Phytoplankton 5
Inorganic phosphorus
(µm atoms/L) 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 2 4 5 11 30 15 19 21
Station number
Great
South Bay
Moriches
Bay
Shinnecock
Bay
Phytoplankton biomass and phosphorus concentration 30
Ammonium enriched
Phosphate enriched
Unenriched control 24 18
(millions of cells per mL)
Phytoplankton 12 6
Starting
algal
density 2 4 5 11 30 15 19 21
Station number
Phytoplankton response to nutrient enrichment

7. Fig:54.7

8. Rachel Carson

9. Plant material eaten by caterpillar 200 J 67 J Cellular respiration
Feces
33 J
Growth (new biomass)

10. Fig: 54.11 Pyramids of Energy Production

11. Fig: 54.14 Pyramids of Numbers (Think about how much each consumer eats over its lifetime.)

12. bog at Silver Springs, Florida.
LE 54-12a
Trophic level
Dry weight
(g/m2)
Tertiary consumers
Secondary consumers
Primary consumers
Primary producers
1.5 11 37
809
Most biomass pyramids show a sharp decrease in biomass at successively higher trophic levels, as illustrated by data from a
bog at Silver Springs, Florida.

13. Primary consumers (zooplankton) Primary producers (phytoplankton) 21 4
LE 54-12b
Trophic level
Dry weight
(g/m2)
Primary consumers (zooplankton)
Primary producers (phytoplankton) 21 4
In some aquatic ecosystems, such as the English Channel, a small standing crop of primary producers (phytoplankton) supports a larger standing crop of primary consumers (zooplankton).

14. Fig: 54.13 Pyramids of Numbers

15. LE 54-17a Transport over land Solar energy Net movement of
water vapor by wind
Precipitation
over land
Precipitation
over ocean
Evaporation
from ocean
Evapotranspiration
from land
Percolation
through
soil
Runoff and
groundwater

16. LE 54-17b Higher-level consumers Primary consumers Carbon compounds
CO2 in atmosphere
Photosynthesis
Cellular
respiration
Burning of
fossil fuels
and wood
Higher-level
consumers
Primary
consumers
Carbon compounds
in water
Detritus
Decomposition

17. LE 54-17c N2 in atmosphere Denitrifying bacteria Nitrogen-fixing
Assimilation
Denitrifying
bacteria
NO3–
Nitrogen-fixing
bacteria in root
nodules of legumes
Decomposers
Nitrifying
bacteria
Ammonification
Nitrification
NH3
NH4+
NO2–
Nitrogen-fixing
soil bacteria
Nitrifying
bacteria

18. LE 54-17d Rain Geologic uplift Weathering of rocks Plants Runoff
Consumption
Sedimentation
Plant uptake
of PO43–
Soil
Leaching
Decomposition

19. Harvesting

20. Sources for Acid Precipitation

21. Fig: 54.22

22. Effects of Acid Precipitation

23. LE 54-23 Herring gull eggs 124 ppm Lake trout 4.83 ppm
Concentration of PCBs
Smelt
1.04 ppm
Zooplankton
0.123 ppm
Phytoplankton
0.025 ppm

24. Rachel Carson

25. Fig: 54.24 Rising CO2 and rising temperature

26. Two CIO molecules react, forming chlorine peroxide (Cl2O2).
Chlorine from CFCs interacts with ozone (O3), forming chlorine monoxide (CIO) and oxygen (O2).
Chlorine atoms O2
Chlorine O3
CIO O2
Sunlight causes Cl2O2 to break down into O2 and free chlorine atoms. The chlorine atoms can begin the cycle again.
CIO
Cl2O2
Two CIO molecules react, forming chlorine peroxide (Cl2O2).
Sunlight

27. Fig: 54.28 Ozone hole over Antarctica in dark blue

28. LE 54-28
October 1979
October 2000

29. Melting Antarctic Ice