1. The Great Depression and the New Deal, 1929-1939
AP US History
East High School
Mr. Peterson
Spring 2011

2. Focus Questions
What caused the Great Depression, and how did President Hoover respond?
What strategy guided the early New Deal, and what problems and challenges arose in 1934–1935?
What key measures and setbacks marked the course of the New Deal from 1935 on?
How did the depression and the New Deal affect specific social groups in the United States?
What key developments shaped American culture in the 1930s?

3. Crash and Depression,

4. Black Thursday and the Onset of the Depression
Stock prices rise
Speculation
“margin” buying
Interest rates increased
“Black Thursday-”Oct. 24, 1929
Stock market crash
Key industries collapse
Fed-tight money policies
Global economic crisis

5. FIGURE 24.1 CONSUMER BORROWING IN THE 1920s Americans plunged heavily into debt in the 1920s to play the stock market and to buy their new Fords, Chevrolets, and consumer products. By 1929, their total debt stood at about $8 billion.
Fig. 24-1, p. 731

6. Hoover’s Response Bold response “recovery just around the corner”
Encourages businesses to maintain wages and employment
Emergency Committee for Employment-voluntary relief coordination
Tax increase
Reconstruction Finance Corporation
$4 billion
Make loans to banks
“recovery just around the corner”

7. FIGURE 24.2 THE STATISTICS OF HARD TIMES Figures on the gross national product, personal income, unemployment, the stock market, and business failures all show the Depression’s shattering impact, with gradual and uneven improvement as the 1930s wore on.
Fig. 24-2, p. 732

8. FIGURE 24.2 THE STATISTICS OF HARD TIMES Figures on the gross national product, personal income, unemployment, the stock market, and business failures all show the Depression’s shattering impact, with gradual and uneven improvement as the 1930s wore on.
Fig. 24-2, p. 732

9. FIGURE 24.2 THE STATISTICS OF HARD TIMES Figures on the gross national product, personal income, unemployment, the stock market, and business failures all show the Depression’s shattering impact, with gradual and uneven improvement as the 1930s wore on.
Fig. 24-2, p. 732

10. FIGURE 24.2 THE STATISTICS OF HARD TIMES Figures on the gross national product, personal income, unemployment, the stock market, and business failures all show the Depression’s shattering impact, with gradual and uneven improvement as the 1930s wore on.
Fig. 24-2, p. 732

11. FIGURE 24.2 THE STATISTICS OF HARD TIMES Figures on the gross national product, personal income, unemployment, the stock market, and business failures all show the Depression’s shattering impact, with gradual and uneven improvement as the 1930s wore on.
Fig. 24-2, p. 732

12. FIGURE 24.2 THE STATISTICS OF HARD TIMES Figures on the gross national product, personal income, unemployment, the stock market, and business failures all show the Depression’s shattering impact, with gradual and uneven improvement as the 1930s wore on.
Fig. 24-2, p. 732

13. FIGURE 24.2 THE STATISTICS OF HARD TIMES Figures on the gross national product, personal income, unemployment, the stock market, and business failures all show the Depression’s shattering impact, with gradual and uneven improvement as the 1930s wore on.
Fig. 24-2, p. 732

14. FIGURE 24.2 THE STATISTICS OF HARD TIMES Figures on the gross national product, personal income, unemployment, the stock market, and business failures all show the Depression’s shattering impact, with gradual and uneven improvement as the 1930s wore on.
Fig. 24-2, p. 732

15. Mounting Discontent and Protest
Central Park-“Hoover Valley”
“Hoovervilles”
Farmers’ Holiday Association
Force prices up
Refuse to sell, dump milk
“Bonus march”
Broker up by Gen. Douglas MacArthur

16. BURNING SHANTIES OF BONUS MARCHERS, WASHINGTON, D. C
BURNING SHANTIES OF BONUS MARCHERS, WASHINGTON, D.C., JULY 1932 When President Herbert Hoover ordered the army to evict jobless veterans who had come to Washington seeking early payment of promised bonuses, it reinforced his public image as aloof and uncaring amid a worsening depression.
p. 733

17. The Election of 1932 Republicans re-nominate Hoover
Democrats choose Franklin Roosevelt
“bold persistent experimentation”
Attacks Hoover’s “reckless spending”
FDR wins in landslide
Democrats win control of Congress

18. The New Deal Takes Shape
PRESIDENT FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT This idealized painting captures the exuberance FDR projected, and the hope his optimism inspired.

19. Roosevelt and His Circle
“The only thing we have to fear, is fear itself.”
“brain trust”
Not ideologically driven
Eleanor Roosevelt plays key role
Frances Perkins-first female cabinet member (Labor)
The New Deal

21. “The only thing we have to fear
is fear itself—nameless,
unreasoning, unjustified fear.”
--Franklin Roosevelt’s first
inaugural address (March 1933)

22. ELEANOR ROOSEVELT VISITS A NURSERY SCHOOL IN DES MOINES OPERATED BY THE WORKS PROGRESS ADMINISTRATION, JUNE 1936 Intensely shy as a young woman, Mrs. Roosevelt played an active, infl uential, and highly visible role during her years as First Lady.
p. 735

23. The Hundred Days Major legislation-more than a dozen Alphabet agencies
Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)
Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA)
Public Works Administration (PWA)
Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)
National Recovery Administration (NRA)
Voluntary support
Price and production codes
Federal Emergency Relief Act
Harry Hopkins
Money to state and local relief agencies

24. Table 24-1, p. 736

25. “WE DO OUR PART” Companies that cooperated with the National Recovery Administration displayed this banner. The NRA, a centerpiece of the early New Deal, soon ran into difficulties.
p. 738

26. BUILDING NORRIS DAM ON THE CLINCH RIVER IN TENNESSEE This massive engineering project, named for Senator George Norris, was carried out by the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), one of the New Deal’s most innovative agencies.
p. 739

27. Problems and Controversies Plague the Early New Deal
Supreme Court rules National Recovery Act unconstitutional
AAA provided for crop reductions, hurt farm workers and sharecroppers
Southern Tenant Farmers’ union protests
Dust Bowl
Civil Works Administration (CWA) funds short-term work projects
Public Works Administration (PWA) funds large-scale projects

28. FIGURE 24.3 AGRICULTURE DURING THE GREAT DEPRESSION The depression hit rural America with brutal ferocity, as the statistics on commodity prices and farm mortgages show.
Fig. 24-3, p. 738

29. MAP 24.1 THE DUST BOWL From the Dakotas southward to the Mexican border, farmers in the Great Plains suffered from a lack of rainfall and severe soil erosion in the 1930s, worsening the hardships of the Great Depression.
Map 24-1, p. 740

30. Table 24-2, p. 743

31. 1934-1935: Challenges from the Right and Left
Conservatives call New Deal socialism
Al Smith forms anti-New Deal American Liberty League
Father Charles Coughlin attacks FDR with ant-Semitism, calls for nationalizing banks
Frances Townsend calls for guaranteed paycheck of $200 per month
Gov. Huey Long of Louisiana calls for “Share the Wealth” program confiscating income over $1 million
Roosevelt and New Deal remain popular

32. The New Deal Changes Course, 1935-1936
A FEDERAL MUSIC PROJECT EVENT IN NEW YORK’S CENTRAL PARK. Musicians employed by the New Deal’s Federal Music Project (FMP) taught classes in addition to giving concerts. These young singers were participating in a children’s music festival sponsored by the FMP.

33. Expanding Federal Relief
Works Progress Administration (WPA)
Federal Writers’ Project (FRP) and Federal Music Project (FMP)
PWA completes major projects
Resettlement Administration makes loans to farmers
National Labor Relations Act (Wagner Act)
Guarantees collective bargaining in private sector
NLRB created
Favors unions, unions flourish

34. The Social Security Act: End of the Second New Deal
Old-age pensions
Survivor benefits
Money for disabled
Long-term impact
New Deal enlarged government role in life

35. The 1936 Roosevelt Landslide and the New Democratic Coalition
Republicans nominate Alfred Landon
FDR wins big
Democratic coalition established
White South, parts of West, urban white ethnics, union members, blacks

36. Table 24-3, p. 745

37. MARIAN ANDERSON AT THE LINCOLN MEMORIAL, PAINTING BY BETSY GRAVES REYNEAU In the 1950s, Reyneau did a series of paintings of notable black Americans for a touring exhibit. This painting portrays Marian Anderson at the Lincoln Memorial on Easter Sunday, 1939, where her concert drew an audience of 75,000 and was broadcast nationally. Eleanor Roosevelt and Harold Ickes arranged the event after the Daughters of the American Revolution denied the use of Constitution Hall.
p. 746

38. The Environment and the West
Soil Conservation Service
New national parks
Olympic National Park
Shenandoah National Park
Wilderness preservation movement
Large dams
Grand Coulee
Shasta

39. The New Deal’s End Stage: 1937-1938
A CAMERA’S-EYE VIEW OF DEPRESSION-ERA AMERICA This 1937 image by Dorothea Lange, a photographer with the Farm Security Administration, pictures migrants from the Texas dust bowl gathered at a roadside camp near Calipatria in southern California.

40. FDR and the Supreme Court
FDR proposes court packing bill
Press and public react with hostility
FDR drops idea
Supreme Court changes views
Several new justices appointed

41. The Roosevelt Recession
Partial recovery
Economy slides in 1937
New relief spending in 1938
17% unemployment in 1939

42. Final Measures: Growing Opposition
Farm Security Administration (FSA)
Low-interest loans to farmers
Fair Labor Standards Act
Banned child labor
Minimum wage (40¢ per hour)
Federal farm price support system established
New Deal over after 1938 election

43. Social Change and Social Action in the 1930s

44. The Depression’s Psychological and Social Impact
¼ of all farm families sought assistance
Unemployment never fell below 14%
“dull misery in the bones”
Women faced discrimination in workplace, even though more married women worked
Families often torn apart
Birthrate fell
Difficult for children
Blacks, Hispanics, sharecroppers hit especially hard

45. Industrial Workers Unionize
Committee for Industrial Organization (CIO) formed within AFL
Organized all workers-blacks, women, unskilled
Steel strike results in union at US Steel
“sit-down” strikes work to unionize GM
CIO breaks away from AFL
AFL adapts and welcomes low-skilled workers
Union memberships rises dramatically
Organizers often radicals

46. FIGURE 24.4 THE GROWTH OF LABOR UNION MEMBERSHIP, 1933–1946 The CIO’s industrial unions grew rapidly with passage of the pro-union National Labor Relations Act in Union membership increased still more as war plants hired workers in the early 1940s.
Fig. 24-4, p. 751

47. LABOR ORGANIZING, 1930s-STYLE Walter Reuther (left) and Richard Frankensteen of the United Auto Workers, after their beating by Ford Motor Company security guards, Detroit, May 1937.
p. 752

48. Black and Hispanic Americans Resist Racism and Exploitation
Lynching continued to haunt blacks
Supreme Court orders new trial for “Scottsboro Boys”
NAACP battles in courts
“don’t shop where you can’t work” campaign
Strikes by farm workers
Two killed by shots into union hall in Pixley, CA

49. A CARAVAN OF PICKETERS DURING A 1933 STRIKE OF COTTON WORKERS IN CORCORAN, CALIFORNIA Protesting low wages and appalling working conditions, agricultural workers from Mexico went on strike across California’s rich San Joaquin Valley in the early 1930s. In some cases, Communist Party members helped organize these strikes.
p. 753

50. A New Deal for Native Americans
American Indian Defense Association formed
Aimed to reverse Dawes Act
Indian Reorganization Act-1934
Halted tribal land sales
No provision for self-government and cultural renewal
Tribes split over law

51. The American Cultural Scene in the 1930s
THE VITAPHONE Technicians test the Vitaphone, an early machine for adding sound to movies by synchronizing disk recordings with filmed images.

52. Avenues of Escape: Radio and Movies
Movies remained popular during depression
Favored New Deal
Gangster movies favored G-men
Stereotypes
Virtuous heroes represent “the people”
Color movies
Gone with the Wind (1939)
The Wizard of Oz (1939)

53. GONE WITH THE WIND (1939) An early triumph of the new technology of color film.

54. The Later 1930s: Opposing Fascism: Returning to Traditional Values
Popular Front
Communists and Socialists
Come together against fascists in Italy and Spain, Nazis in Germany
Many went to Spain to fight in Spanish Civil War
Collapsed after Hitler and Stalin sign non-aggression pact in 1939

55. LET US NOW PRAISE FAMOUS MEN (1941) Journalist James Agee and photographer Walker Evans created a memorable record of a month spent with Alabama sharecroppers in 1936.
p. 758

56. GRANT WOOD’S PARSON WEEMS’ FABLE, 1939 The story of George Washington and the cherry tree first appeared in the 1806 edition of a popular biography by the Rev. Mason Weems. Grant Wood’s whimsical representation of the tale reflected a late-1930s tendency in the arts to portray American themes in a positive and affirmative way.
p. 759

57. Streamlining and a World’s Fair: Corporate America’s Utopian Vision
“The World of Tomorrow”-New York World’s Fair
War of the Worlds

59. ORSON WELLES DIRECTS WAR OF THE WORLDS CBS radio’s dramatization of an invasion from Mars in October 1938 terrified many listeners already jittery over worsening world conditions.
p. 760

60. p. 761

61. The Great Depression and the New Deal, 1929-1939
AP US History
East High School
Mr. Peterson
Spring 2011