2. P REDICTION OF GESTATIONAL DIABETES MELLITUS BY MATERNAL FACTORS AND BIOMARKERS AT 11 TO 13 WEEKS

7. The inclusion criteria: singleton pregnancy delivering a phenotypically normal neonate at or after 30 weeks of gestation.

9. Screening and diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus: * two-step approach *24 to 28 weeks of gestation *random plasma glucose if > 6.7 mmol/L : OGTT within 2 weeks. *diagnosis of GDM :FBS :6 mmol/L or the plasma glucose level 2 hr after the oral administration of 75 g glucose is 7.8 mmol/L or more (WHO)

11. Questionnaire: ● maternal age ● racial origin ● cigarette smoking during pregnancy ● method of conception ● medical history ● family history of DM ● obstetric history including outcome of each pregnancy