1. EQUILIBRIUM OF NON-CONCURRENT COPLANAR FORCE SYSTEM
When a body is in equilibrium, it has neither translatory nor rotatory motion in any direction. Thus the resultant force R and the resultant couple M are both zero, and we have the equilibrium equations for two dimensional force system
 Fx = 0;  Fy = Eq(1)
M = 0
These requirements are both necessary and sufficient conditions for equilibrium.
Back

2. Supports: A structure is subjected to external forces and transfers these forces through the supports on to the foundation. Therefore the support reactions and the external forces together keep the structure in equilibrium.
Types of supports
There are different types of supports. Some of them are
 a) Roller Support b) Hinged or pinned support c) Fixed or built in support
  Some supports are shown in the figure along with the reactions that can be mobilised.

3. BODY BODY Action on body Types of Supports
Action on body
Types of Supports
(a) Flexible cable ,belt ,chain, rope
BODY
BODY T
Force exerted by cable is always a tension away from the body in the direction of cable
Contact forces are normal to the surfaces
(b) Smooth surfaces F F

4. (c) Roller support
Contact force is normal to the surface on which the roller moves. The reaction will always be perpendicular to the plane of the roller . Roller support will offer only one independent reaction component.(Whose direction is known.)

5. ( d )pinned Support / hinged supportRh θ Rv R
This support does not allow any translatory movement of the rigid body. There will be two independent reaction components at the support. The resultant reaction can be resolved into two mutually perpendicular components. Or it can be shown as resultant reaction inclined at an angle with respect to a reference direction.

6. (e) Fixed or Built-in SupportM RH Rv M

7. (contd .)
This type of support not only prevents the translatory movement of the rigid body, but also the rotation of the rigid body. Hence there will be 3 independent reaction components of forces. Hence there will be 3 unknown components of forces, two mutually perpendicular reactive force component and a reactive moment as shown in the figure.

8. (a) Simply supported beam
TYPES OF BEAMS
A member which is subjected to predominantly transverse loads and supported in such a way that rigid body motion is prevented is known as beam. It is classified based on the support conditions. A beam generally supported by a hinge or roller at the ends having one span(distance between the support) is called as simply supported beam. A beam which is fixed at one end and free at another end is called as a cantilever beam. A B HA MA VA
span
span
(a) Simply supported beam
(b) Cantilever beam

9. (d) Propped Cantilever beam
If one end or both ends of the beam project beyond the support it is known as overhanging beam.
A cantilever with a simple support anywhere along its length is a propped cantilever. A B HA MA VA
span
(c) Overhanging beam (right overhang)
(d) Propped Cantilever beam

10. (f) Two Span continuous beam
A beam which is fixed at both ends is called a fixed beam.
A beam with more than one span is called continuous beam. HA HB HA MA MB
span VC VA VB VA VB
(f) Two Span continuous beam
(e) Fixed beam

11. Statically determinate beam and statically indeterminate beam:
Using the equations of equilibrium given in Eq(1) ,if all the reaction components can be found out, then the beam is a statically determinate beam ,and if all the reaction components can not be found out using equations of equilibrium only, then the beam is a statically indeterminate beam.
In the above fig (a),(b)and (c) are statically determinate beams, where as (d),(e) and (f) are statically Indeterminate beams.

12. If the number of reaction components is more than the number of non-trivial equilibrium equations available then such a beam is a statically indeterminate beam.
If the number of reaction components is equal to the number of non-trivial equilibrium equations available then such a beam is a statically determinate beam
If the number of reaction components is less than the number of non-trivial equilibrium equations available then such a beam is an unstable beam.

13. Determination of Beam reactions
Since three equilibrium equations are available, for a planar structure a maximum of three unknown independent reaction components can be determined using these equations.
Step I: Draw the free body diagram of the structure showing the given loadings and the reactions at the supports.
Step 2: Apply the equations  Fx = 0,  Fy = 0, M = 0. Assuming some directions and senses for unknown forces
and moments.  
Step 3: solve for unknown reactions. If any of them is positive, it is along the sense initially assumed while drawing the FBD. If it is negative, it is opposite to the initially assumed sense

14. Problems
(1)
A beam AB of span 12m shown in the figure is hinged at A and is on rollers at B. Determine the reactions at A and B for the loading shown.
20kN
25kN
30kN
30
45 A B 4m 3m 3m 2m

15. Problems Solution HA B 20kN 25kN 30kN 30 45 4m 3m 2mVA VB
FBD
 Fx = HA – 25cos 30 – 30cos = 0
 Fy = VA – 20 – 25 sin30 – 30sin45 +VB = 0
MA = × sin30× sin 45×10+ VB ×12=0

16. Problems Solution(contd.) HA=42.86kN, VA=22.07kN, VB=31.64kN RA VA
RA= kN
 = 27.25

17. (2) Find the Support reactions for the given beam loaded as shown in the figure.
60kN
40kN/m
0.5m B A 2m
1 m
60° 5m

18. Solution  Fx = 0 HA + 60 – RB Cos30 = 0
40kN/m
60kN HA A
RBH=RBCos30 B C
30kNm VA
FBD
60° RB 1m 2m 2m
RBv = RBCos60
 Fx = HA + 60 – RB Cos30 = 0
 Fy = 0 VA + RB Cos60 – 40 x 2 = 0
 MA = ×2×4 + RB Cos60×5 = 0 HA
[Ans: RB=140kN VA=10
HA= RA= 62.05kN
 = 9.3]  RA VA

19. (3) Find the Support reactions for the given beam loaded as shown in the figure.
30kN
80kN/m
100kN A B 3m 2m 1m

20. Solutions
30kN
80kN/m
15kNm A
100kN HA B VA 3m 2m 1m VB
FBD

21. [ Ans: VB= 112.5kN VA =37.5kN HA= – 100kN RA= 106.8kN  = 20.56]
FBD 1m
15kNm
100kN HA A C B 2m VB VA
6 m
Fx = HA = 0
 Fy = VA + VB – 30 –120 = 0
 MA = × (120)x5 + VBx6 = 0
[ Ans: VB= 112.5kN VA =37.5kN HA= – 100kN
RA= 106.8kN  = 20.56] HA  RA VA

22. (4) Find the Support reactions for the beam loaded as shown in the figure.
23kN
20kN
15kN/m
30kN 3m 2m 2m

23. Solution A ; 45kN 23kN 20kN 30KN HA MA FBD 1.5m 1.5m 2m 2m VA
 Fx = HA = 0
 Fy = VA –45 –30 –23 –20 = 0
 MA = MA –45x1.5 –30x3 –23x5 –20x7= [ Ans: VA = 118kN MA =412.5kNm]

24. Find reactions at A,B,C and D
(5)
Find reactions at A,B,C and D
20KN/m
10KN/m D A B C 2m 3m 1m 2m

25. Solution 2m 3m 1m A C B D
10kN/m Rc

26. Rc Solution VD VB VA FBD of top beam FBD of bottom beam 40kN 20kN C D

27. Solution For top Beam :  Fy = 0 Rc –40 –20+VD=0
40kN
Solution
20kN 2m
3.33m RC
0.67 VD
For top Beam :
 Fy = Rc –40 –20+VD=0
 MD = Rc × × × 3.33=0
Solving the above eqns
RC=37.77kN; VD=22.23kN

28. Solving the above eqns VA=22.66kN; VB=15.10kN
(Contd.)
For bottom beam :
 Fy = VA –37.77–VB=0
 MB = VA× ×3=0
Solving the above eqns
VA=22.66kN; VB=15.10kN
RC=37.77kN 2m VA 3m VB

29. (6) A ladder of length 5m has a weight of 200N
(6) A ladder of length 5m has a weight of 200N. The foot of the ladder rests on the floor and the top of it leans against the vertical wall. Both the wall and floor are smooth. The ladder is inclined at 60 with the floor. A weight of 300N is suspended at the top of the ladder. Find the value of the horizontal force to be applied at the foot of the ladder to keep it in equilibrium.

30. Solution
300N HB
2.5m
200N
FBD OF LADDER
2.5m
600 HA VA

31. Solution  Fy = 0 VA – 200 – 300=0 ::VA=500N  MA = 0
HB x 5 sin60 – 200 ×2.5 cos 60 – 300 ×5cos60=0
:: HB=230.94N
 Fx = HA –HB=0
HA=230.94N(Ans.)
300N
2.5m
200N HB
2.5m
600 HA VA

32. (7) Find the reactions at the supports A and C of the bent3m
20 kN/m A 2m

33. Solution B C Y VC
20 kN/m 3m X
FBD HA VA 2m

34. Solution (contd.) Fx = 0 60 –HA=0 Fy = 0 VA+VC=0 MA = 0 VCx2-60 ×1.5=0B C 3m VC
60kN
FBD HA VA 2m

35. Solving the above
Ans: VA = - 45kN
VC = 45 kN
HA = 60kN B C
RA=75 kN
60kN VC
36.90
FBD after finding reactns
# ve sign for VA indicates ,reaction is downwards and not upwards as assumed initially. HA VA

36. (8) A roller (B) of weight 2000N rests as shown in the fig
(8)    A roller (B) of weight 2000N rests as shown in the fig. on beam CD of weight 500N.Determine the reactions at C and D. Neglect the weight of beam AB. C D B A
30° 4m 1m

37. Solution: RB FBD of beam CD 2000N RAB FBD of Roller Hc 300 Vc 500N 1m
30°
2.5m D VD

38. Solving above eqns : RBCD=2309.4N;
Solution:
2000N
RAB
FBD of Roller
RBCD
300
FBD of Roller :
 Fy = RBCD cos 300 –2000=0
 Fx = RAB – RBCD sin 300 =0
Solving above eqns : RBCD=2309.4N;
RAB=1154.7N

39. Solving the above eqns: VD=783.33N; VC=1716.67N  Fx = 0
For bottom beam :
 Fy = VD –500+Vc –2309.4cos30=0
 MC = 0
-VD × 5cos × 2.5 × cos × 1=0
Solving the above eqns: VD=783.33N; VC= N
 Fx = 0
sin 30 –HC = Hc= N
2309.4N
300 Hc Vc
500N 1m
1.5m
FBD of beam CD
30° D
2.5m VD

40. (9)    Compute the reactions for the bent beam shown in the figure at A and F.
300Nm
50 N/m B C D A
45° F 4m 3m 3m 4m

41. Solution  MF = 0 – VA × 14 +200 × 5 – 300=0 VA=50N FX=0 HF=0
FY= VA +VF=200;
VF=200 – 50=150N
200 N 2m
300Nm B C D
45° A HF F VA 3m 4m 4m 3m VF
FBD
18kN
26.570
RA=20.12kN
9kN

42. (10) Determine the support reactions for the trees shown
3KN
3KN G 4m
3KN F E B C D 4m 4m 4m

43. Solution A
3KN
FBD HA
3KN G VA 4m
3KN F B HB E C D 4m 4m 4m

44.  MA = HB × 4 – 3 × 4 – 3 × 8 – 3 × 12=0
HB=18kN
FX=0 : –HA+HB=0
HA=18kN
FY= VA –3 –3 –3=0;
VA=9kN
3KN A
3KN HA
3KN VA 4m HB 4m 4m 4m
18kN
9kN
26.570
RA=20.12kN

45. Problems for practice
(1)Find the reactions at A,B,C and D for the beam loaded as shown in the figure(Ans.RA=RB =34kN;RC=28.84kN;
MC=-140kNm ; θC= ˚ )
12kN/m
20 kN
12kN/m
4kN/m
4kN/m
30kN 3 A 4 B C
40kNm 1m 2m 1m 1m 2m 1m 1m 2m

46. (2)A uniform bar AB of weight 50N shown in the figure supports a load of 200N at its end. Determine the tension developed in the string and the force supported by the pin at B.(Ans. T=529.12N;RB=807.15N, θB=64.6˚)
string
2.5m B
60˚ A
200N
2.5m
2.5m

47. (3)Find the position of the hinged support (x),such that the reactions developed at the supports of the beam are equal..
(Ans.x=2m.)
15kN
18kN/m
10kN/m x
2.0m
1.0m
1.4m
0.6
3.0m

48. (4)A right angled bar ABC hinged at A as shown in fig carries two loads W and 2W applied at B &C .Neglecting self weight of the bar find the angle made by AB with vertical(Ans:θ =18.44˚) A
L m θ B W C
0.5L 2W