1. Palliative Care and Geriatrics: Curriculum Development and Implementation James Hallenbeck, MD Medical Director, VA Hospice Care Center and Stanford Hospice

2. Questions Why teach palliative care in the nursing home? Will physicians-in-training be receptive? How do I design a curriculum? How do you teach in this environment?

3. Why Teach Palliative Care in the Nursing Home? Great overlap between geriatrics and palliative care Palliative/EOL care needs are significant Gives focus to nursing home/geriatric rotation Certain palliative care principles difficult to teach in other environments

4. Teaching in the Nursing Home- Special Opportunities Relatively stable population Multiple palliative issues to address Patients often have time to talk/teach A great place to experience that there is more to healthcare than acute care

5. Will Physicians-in-training Be Receptive? Geriatric training required for internists- nursing home training is not Barrier of perception- theres nothing to learn: just old people waiting to die… Bad news: we have to work harder to overcome this barrier Good news: residents are receptive, if they have a good educational experience

6. Physician Education and Palliative Care 90% of medical students have some training –Usually didactic- focus on ethics –Symptom management rarely taught Housestaff education largely part of the resident sub-culture –Training/modeling by attending physicians uncommon

7. Intern Prior Experiences With Death 6% reported death of 1st degree relative 85% reported some training in EOL care –only one intern reported any training in symptom management 55% cared for dying patients only in acute care 59% had never cared for a dying patient without an IV N= 27

8. Palo Alto VA Intern Hospice Study Lack of EOL skills Pain 2.00.92 Terminal dyspnea 1.81.79 Nausea and Vomiting 2.41 1.05 Physical Changes in Dying Process 1.70.72 Psychological Changes in Dying Process 2.11.89 Grieving and Dying 2.56 1.12 1= Knew a little, 5= Knew a lot Mean SD

9. Working in a Nursing Home as a physician would be undesirable 3.92.8 Working with terminally ill patients in Hospice would be undesirable 3.32.3 Exposure to and training in the care of Nursing Home patients is important 3.64.6 Exposure to and training in the care of terminally ill (Hospice) patients is important 3.74.8 Some training in the care of Nursing Home patients should be mandatory for all internists 3.64.6 Some training in the care of terminally ill patients should be mandatory for all internists. 3.84.6 ITEM Pre Post Scale: 1= Strongly Disagree, 5= Strongly agree P < 0.001 for all

10. 22% had never witnessed an attending discuss advanced directives 19% had never witnessed an attending share bad news 44% had never witnessed an attending tell a family member of a death A Lack of Attending Modeling

11. Designing a Curriculum Identify your own educational needs- retool as needed Address learners needs/goals Be explicit about your goals for the learner Dont reinvent the wheel –Find and utilize existing educational material

12. Identifying Your Own Educational Needs Strengths: your prior training and experience is a precious resource Weaknesses: –Few have been well trained in palliative care –Even those who have been trained have areas of relative strength and weakness

13. Educational Resources: AMA EPEC (Educating Physicians about End of Life Care) Program American Academy of Hospice and Palliative Medicine –Published curriculum –UNIPACS Other courses: SFDP, Harvard Websites: growthhouse.org, eperc.mcw.edu Textbooks: Oxford Textbook of Palliative Medicine

14. Adult Learners Are Not Blank Slates Most residents have their own goals going into a rotation- identify and address them! Common goals: –Pain, non-pain symptom management, learning what life is like in a nursing home Uncommon goals: –Learning how to do the definitive incontinence work-up –Learning the fine art of disimpaction

15. What Are Your Goals for Learners? Be explicit at beginning of the rotation Do not try to convince them that they unconsciously want to be nursing home physicians Do include both medical and non-medical goals

16. Possible Goals Pain management Non-pain symptom management Economics/system issues of nursing home care What life is like in the nursing home –For professionals and residents Communication skills –Bad news, goal setting, family conferences, conflict resolution Self-reflective goals –How do they feel about growing old and going to a nursing home?

17. Domains of Palliative Care Pain Management Non-pain Symptom Management Communication Ethics/Difficult Decisions Psychosocial, Spiritual Care System issues

18. Educational Resources for Learners Published curricula, selected articles Your own/colleagues handouts Videos, websites Patients Families Other staff Dont try to go it alone!

19. Teaching in the Nursing Home- Tricks of the Trade Link didactic instruction to clinical care –Setting a theme Establish different learning experiences –Nurses aide for a day –Aide to different specialty, such as PT –? Patient for a day –Journal or other writing –Role play communication skills Role modeling Be Creative!

20. Role Modeling The Challenge... How does the teacher immerse himself or herself in the role without loosing the learner? Specifically, how does the teacher facilitate the learners involvement with the content, if the teacher is on stage?

21. TEACHERLEARNER CONTENT T-L-C EDUCATIONAL MODEL

22. TEACHERLEARNER PATIENT TEACHER IMMERSED IN CONTENT Danger of role immersion- links to learner weakened

23. Role Modeling The Context Part of continuity experience? How is modeling linked to didactic session(s) Who are the learners? –? Mixed skill levels or homogenous Special learning opportunities? –Unusual situations, patients in nursing home Questions to ask...

24. Setting a theme Useful especially if seeing patients in series May link to didactic session, special learner needs and learning opportunities Assign learner tasks within a theme Examples: –Why is this patient here? –Look at the walls and tabletops –What does home mean to this patient? –How do different confusional states differ?

25. Before seeing the patient Reinforce theme, if present Collect data Set specific tasks- –That you wish to accomplish –Tasks for learners

26. The Patient Encounter Goal- immerse yourself totally in the relationship, but continue to involve the learner –Analogous to a good actor- must become the role, but in a manner that allows the audience to see This so difficult- its a life-time practice

27. The Echo Definition: A verbal reflection of internal thought processes Method: –Explain what you are doing –Filter what you dont want patient to hear –Interpret what you mean so patient/family can understand Example: patient with red-eyes

28. The Lateral Pass Definition: A means of changing roles to facilitate new forms of interaction Method: make patient (or learner) the teacher Examples: –Youre the one with pain, what can you teach us about pain (or dying)

29. After the Patient Encounter Opportunity to re-connect learner to content –What questions do you have? Opportunity to evaluate –What did you see? –What was I trying to show when I… Time to comment- fill in the blanks Time to reinforce/summarize

30. SUMMARY The nursing home is an excellent place for teaching knowledge and skills rarely taught elsewhere Teaching can be very rewarding and appreciated by physicians in training Doing the job well requires a solid knowledge base, planning and skill