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Mainsteaming responsibility in tourism development Obstacles and opportunities Mr.sci. Hrvoje Carić, env. mgmt. Institute for tourism, Zagreb, Croatia www.iztzg.hr
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Content: 1.Definition of sustainable development 2.Existing unsustainable trends 3.Redefenition 4.Sustainable and responsible development in practice (learning labs)
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1.Definition of sustainable development – whats wrong 2.Existing unsustainable trends 3.Redefinition 4.Sustainable and responsible development in practice (learning labs)
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Sustainable development (political definitions) Meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. (Brundtland) Improving the quality of life within the limits of carrying capacities of ecosystems. (Claude Martin, WWF)
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Meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. (Brundtland) Improving the quality of life within the limits of carrying capacities of ecosystems. (Claude Martin, WWF) Antropo-centric Wide variety of interpretation Not very precise
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1.Definition of sustainable development 2.Existing unsustainable trends 3.Redefinition 4.Sustainable and responsible development in practice (learning labs)
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Dubrovnik long history and international visibility since the Classical Roman period and through famous medieval Republic The Icon of Croatian tourism UNESCO site Very rich: -Biodiversity -Landscape -Heritage Population 48.795
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Trends (?): more cruise tourists, less stay, less … 2001 to 2009 cruising tourists increased 5 x 989.272 passengers on the average have spent 1,68 days in Croatia (2009) Comparing 2009 to 2008, number of: -cruise arrivals have decreased by 8,3% -total days spent have decreased by 19,4% -total number of passengers increased by 5,3%. CroatiaDubrovnikDub. share Yearpassengers % 2009989.272845.60385
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Direct pollution cost assesment H. Carić Direct pollution cost assessment of cruising tourism in the Croatian Adriatic Financial Theory and Practice 34 (2) 161-180 (2010) www.ijf.hr/eng/FTP/2010/2/caric.pdf Poor environmental management practice of cruise companies and authorities in implementation of legislation make pollution from cruisers NEGATIVE EKSTERNALITY
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Pollution typeDaily pollution quantity/guest Pollution for Croatian Adriatic Pollution for Dubrovnik port Solid Waste4 kg6.648 tones1.777 tones Air pollution CO 2 0,40 kg/km1.063.835 tones904.115 tones Black waters40 litters66.480.000 litters23.676.000 litters Gray waters340 litters565.080.000 litters201.253.000 litters Bilge water10 litters16.620.000 litters5.919.000 litters Hazardous waste0,16 kg265.920 kg94.708 kg Eco-toxic metal0,45 g748 kg266 kg Direct pollution costs are multiplications of daily pollution quantities with number of cruise guests and days spent: a) Croatian Adriatic = 1.662.000 guest/days b) Dubrovnik port = 591.922 guest/days
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Direct pollution costs (DPC) for cruising tourism in 2009 based on EU prices of environmental management charges. All pollution loads are negative externalities, meaning that pollution is not properly treated and subsequently has an effect on the environment (Carić, 2010). Pollution typeDPC (EU)UnitDPC for Cro. Adriatic DPC for Dubrovnik Solid Waste0,15/kg997.200355.153 Air pollution0,24/km/ passenger 379.880.448324.711.552 Black & gray waste waters 0,0089/lit5.620.8842.001.880 Bilge water0,22/lit3.656.4001.302.228 Hazardous waste 1,53/kg406.858144.903 390.561.790328.515.716
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Cost benefit analysis (financial) Direct pollution costs (DPC) Total calculated income for Croatian economy from cruising tourism in 2009 was 53 mil. max. DPC for Cro. Adriatic DPC for Dubrovnik 390 mil 328 mil
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Comparative human impact (1) ratio (2) peak day impact (3) 5 cruisers = towns of Du. PollutionCruise guest pollution ratio 5 cruisers with 12.500 guest pollute as Dubrovnik (48.795 citizens) SOx (IMO 4,5%) (EU 1,5%) 4.500 1.500 ?? CO 2 air pollution7,998.7502 NOx air pollution11,1138.7502,8 Wastewater2,936.2500,7 Waste4,455.0001,12 in local person equivalents
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Conflicting use of marine resource within tourism sector: mega cruising vs sea kayaking ALASKA Autor : Tom Bol, Crusise Controll
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Foto Adam Benović
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Remains from air emission polluted a beach in Dubrovnik
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Collisions of cruisers in front of old harbor anchoring area 2004: Armonia vs Club Med II anchor entanglement. Demolished underwater electricity and water piping 2008: MSC Poesia vs Costa Classica collision without significant consequences
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1.Definition of sustainable development 2.Existing unsustainable trends 3.Redefinition 4.Sustainable and responsible development in practice (learning labs)
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Sustainable development Exploatation < Regeneration
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Local community Heritage (cultural, historic, traditional, ethical) Business Politics ENVIRONMENT Sustainable development (human systems vs. environment)
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Local community Heritage Business Politics Process to develop synergy between human systems to contribute harmony with environment ENVIRONMENT
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Local community Heritage Business Politics ENVIRONMENT Social, personal responsibility For environment responsibility for standard of living How to develop genuine responsibility in the world of individualism and opportunism …How to define responsibility, the meaning?
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What is responsibility ? Every decision significant for tribe needs to consider impact on seven unborn generations. Lakota Sioux Is this too wise for us?
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1.Definition of sustainable development 2.Existing unsustainable trends 3.Redefinition 4.Sustainable and responsible development in practice (learning labs)
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S / R development in practice = quality care (protection of heritage) + income generation (responsible use for profit) + public benefit (especially local community) Heritage for development and development for heritage
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Heritage - natural - traditional - historic - cultural Heritage is comparative advantage for local sustainable development, renewable.
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Literature (for more details) Mowforth, M. Munt, I. 2003. Tourism and Sustainability: Development and New Tourism in the Third World. Routledge, London. Duffy R., 2002. A Trip Too Far: Ecotourism, Politics and Exploitation. Stylus Pub Llc. Stronza A., Gordillo J. (2008.). Community Views Of Ecotourism, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol. 35, No. 2, str.. 448–468, Machelworth P.C. and Carić H., 2009. Gatekeepers of Island Communities – Exploring the Pillars of (Un)Sustainable Development. Environment, Development and Sustainability.
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