1. The status of herbicide/dioxin residues in Vietnam
Office of The National Steering Committee on overcoming of toxic chemicals used by US during the war in Vietnam (Office 33)

2. Contaminated sources of herbicide/dioxin
~77 million liters of herbercide
Agents
Liter
Orange
49.3 millions
White
20.6 millions
Blue
4.7 millions
Purple , Pink , Green
2.4 millions
Sum
77 millions
Ranch Hand
8/ /1971
- Density of spray is about 37 kg/ha, which is 17 time higher than the spray density in agriculture
WASH, STORE AND SPILLED AREAS FOR SPRAYING AIRPLAN
Dioxin: byproduct in Agents Orange; Purple; Pink , Green

3. Quantity of dioxin contained in herbicides: - Folkin: 500 kg
- Stellman: 366 kg ( 240 times total amount of dioxin/furan in USA year 2000).
-Vietnam-Russia Tropical Center: 1000 kg
Dioxin contamination in Vietnam caused by AO source:
The ratio of TCDD is very high:
In soil and sediment
VN: 2,3,7,8- TCDD > 90%;
Contamination by industrial sources: 2,3,7,8TCDD ~10%

4. - 19,905 flights sprayed herbicide
hamlets were sprayed with toxic chemicals
80% areas were duplicated spray
11% areas were sprayed more than 10 times
Total forest area sprayed : 3,104,000 ha (approx.17.8% natural forest area)
Amount of wood lost about 82,830,000 m3
Many rare and prestigue plans and animals were diminished and lost

5. Concentration 2378-TCDD/TEQ, ppt Analytical laboratories-Sources
Table 1: Determinate results of dioxin residues in environment (until 2006) TT
Areas
Samples
Concentration 2378-TCDD/TEQ, ppt
Analytical laboratories-Sources 1
Gio Linh - Cam Lộ,
Quảng Trị ( )
Soil
Water
Sediment
1,2 TEQ (n=31)
(n=2)
1TEQ (n=15)
TTNĐViệt- Nga TTNĐViệt- Nga TTNĐViệt- Nga
TTNĐViệt- Nga
Mai Anh Tuấn và cs (2004)
Cam Lộ, Quảng Trị (2004)
Organism
soil
< 0.2 TEQ (n=12)
20 TEQ (n=10) 2
Sân bay A So (1999)
Sân bay Tà Bạt(1999)
Sân bay A Lưới(1999)
A Lưới( đến 1999)
122/ (n=10)
13/ (n=7)
12/ (n=9)
23, (n=89)
UB10-80+Hatfield UB10-80+Hatfield UB10-80+Hatfield UB10-80+Hatfield 3
Sa Nhơn, Sa Thầy,
Kon Tum (2003)
sediement
0,14 TEQ (n=14)
0,38 TEQ (n=6)
TTNĐViệt- Nga - Cục Môi trưòng 4
Phú Lộc, TT-Huế
(1993)
8, (n=4/6)
Matsuda và cs 5
Tây Ninh (1993)
Tân Bình, Tân Biên, Tây Ninh( )
organism
(n=14/54)
13,2/14,3 (n=24)
0,7/ 2, (n=7)
TTNĐViệt- Nga TTNĐViệt- Nga 6
Rừng Sác, Tp. HCM( )
Tân Sơn Nhất Tp. HCM( )
Tân Sơn Nhất Tp. HCM(2006)
(n=7)
3,6/4, (n=7)
2,06-341TEQ (n=5)
VH1/ ĐHKHTNHN
UB10-80 TTNĐViệt- Nga
Ban 10-80, VP33
(2006)

6. Concentration 2378-TCDD/TEQ, ppt Analytical laboratories-Sources
Table 1: Determinate results of dioxin residues in environment (until 2006) (cont.) TT
Areas
Samples
Concentration 2378-TCDD/TEQ, ppt
Analytical laboratories-Sources 7
Cà Mau (1993)
Đất
< (n=16)
Matsuda và cs 8
Hồ Trị An ( )
Bùn
Nước
S.vật
3,9 TEQ (n=15)
2,8 TEQ (n=27)
(n=4)
1,0 TEQ (n=19)
Viện KHTLMN TTNĐViệt- Nga 9
Khu vực Mã Đà (2000)
Khu vực SB Rang Rang (2004)
8,6/10,2 (n=9/17)
119/ (n=1/17)
24 TEQ (n=5)
265 TEQ (n=1)
TTNĐViệt- Nga
Mai Anh Tuấn và cs (2004) 10
Bình Mỹ, Tân Uyên,Bình Dương
( )
Svật
12,7/14,5 (n=19)
1,3/3, (n=10)

7. Because of time, rain, flood, slops, run off,… > Concentration of Dioxin in spraying areas were mostly decreased below the harmful level to environment.
Cuu Long delta areas: not detected 2,3,7,8-TCDD concentration
Midle areas: Quảng Trị, Thừa Thiên Huế (A Lưới) dioxin concentration were found but were not high levels (average is 23,5ppt)
South East area: average of dioxin concentration is 15,05 ppt
Some big lakes: (như Dầu Tiếng, Trị An), dioxin concenration in sediment are in acceptable level (safety level)
> Other contaminated areas is still lacking??
> Mobility, precipitation of hebicides/dioxin? ?
> Unload hebicides/AO when airplan be pursuing or be charsing

8. DIOXIN RESIDUES AT THE STORED, WASHED, SPILLED AND UPLOADED AREAS
At present, 3 hotspot areas has been determining: Bien hoa , Biên Hòa, Đà Nẵng và Phù Cát aiports
in 2007, US MOD have providing information on new 7 aiports Đà Nẵng, Biên Hòa, Phù Cát, Nha Trang, Tân Sơn Nhất, Phan Rang và Tuy Hòa ) are previous storages that might be also contaminated. VN MOD, Hattfield are now doing sampling, analysing to determine dioxin concentration in these airports. For Danang airport, it have been identified some more contamination places at the South of aiport; in Bienhoa airport also indentified some new places of dioxin contamination (but analytical result is still not finished yet) .

9. Herbicides in Bien Hoa Airbase Operation Ranch Hand (Dec. 1966 – Feb
Herbicides in Bien Hoa Airbase Operation Ranch Hand (Dec – Feb. 1970) - total transport and handling Agent Orange: 98,000 barrels (20,384,000 l) Agent White: 45,000 barrels (9,360,000 l) Agent Blue: 16,300 barrels (3,390,000 l) Operation Pacer Ivy (Apr – Mar. 1972) Re-drumming of 11,000 barrels Agent Orange (2,288,000 l) and site cleanup occurred Spills of Herbicides in Bien Hoa Airbase December 1969 – March 1970: four large spills from 28,000-liter tanks occurred on the airbase. Spills and leakages also occurred due to handling (loading, washing and re-drumming).

10. Bien Hoa Airbase: Area contaminated Dioxin, Volume to be Treated
Location
Area
(m2)
dioxin
0-0.3m
mean (ppt)
Treatment
depth(m)
Est. Soil,
Sediment
(m3)
South of runway
15.000
5.276
1,2
18.000
20.000
2.650
80,
24.000
Site Z1
38.000
15.864
1,5
57.000
Z1-Perimeter land
49.000
893 2,
0,9
22.050
Z1-perimeter
wetlands/lakes
41.000
495
0,5
20.500
Sum
* Treatment level: Soil 1000ppt; Sediment 150ppt
Z1 has been isolated, 5 million USD; 3,600 m3 bioremidiatio

13. Herbicides in Phu Cat Airbase
Operation Ranch Hand (Jun – May. 1970) - total transport and handling
Agent Orange: 17,000 barrels (3,536,000 l)
Agent White: 9,000 barrels (1,872,000 l)
Agent Blue: 2,900 barrels (603,200 l)
Spills of Herbicides in Phu Cat Airbase
Spills and leakages occurred due to handling (loading and washing).

14. Phu Cat: Area contaminated Dioxin, Volume to be Treated
Location
Area
(m2)
dioxin
0-0.3m
mean (ppt)
Treatment
depth(m)
Est. Soil,
Sediment
(m3)
Loading Area (A)
261
2,6-876
Zone B
24.000
482 1,
0.6
1,440
Washing area (C)
6.000 25
1,9-218
Storage area(Z3)
2.020
11.367
1.2
2,424
Lakes A,B,C 43
1,7-196
0.5
1,550
Sum
5,414
* Treatment level: Soil 1000ppt; Sediment 150ppt

17. Herbicides in Da Nang Airbase
Operation Ranch Hand (May 1964 – Jan. 1971) - total transport and handling:
Agent Orange: 52,700 barrels (10,961,600 l)
Agent White: 29,000 barrels (6,032,000 l)
Agent Green: 5,000 barrels (1,040,000 l)
Operation Pacer Ivy (Dec – Mar. 1972)
Collected and re-drummed 8,220 barrels Agent Orange (1,709,760 l)
Spills of Herbicides in Da Nang Airbase
Spills and leakages occurred due to handling (loading, washing and re-drumming

18. Sen Lake
Ranch Hand Sites
Pacer Ivy Sites

19. P4 P1 P3 P2

21. Q & A