1. History of Marine Science Part IV The Birth of Marine Science

2. The _______ Expedition
The United States Exploring Expedition was an exploring and surveying expedition of the Pacific Ocean ("the Southern Seas") conducted by the United States Navy from 1838–1842

3. Wilkes results
The Wilkes Expedition played a major role in development of 19th-century science, particularly in the growth of the U.S. scientific establishment
280 islands (mostly in the Pacific Ocean) were explored, and over 800 miles of Oregon were mapped
over 60,000 plant and bird specimens were collected
Many of the species and other items found by the expedition helped form the basis of collections at the Smithsonian Institution

4. Science for Science’s sake
Now more scientific related sea voyages were occurring
Wilkes Expedition was a great achievement but as you can see it was more land based
The REAL Expedition for Sea Exploration was NEXT!

5. HMS___________ – Where it all began!!!!

6. Challenger’s Big Breakthroughs
Found that Life is at the bottom of the sea
Studied seawater chemistry
Charted depths over much of the Atlantic ocean
> 4,000 new species found
Measured temperatures at all depths
Studied deep ocean currents
Took 19 years to publish all of their findings
Led by Scientist __________ __________

7. First great oceanographic expedition, 1872-1875
Japan
Hawaii
Bermuda
Tristan da Cunha NZ

8. Ship’s Officers: Scientific leader = Wyville Thomson

9. Ship’s Crew – A Rough and Ready Group

10. A meticulous log with color paintings...

11. Detailed descriptions
of events throughout
the voyage...

12. Accurate
drawings
of marine
organisms..

13. of all sizes….

14. Including microscopic
marine plankton
drawn while looking
through a microscope..

15. And photographs!
As well as Cannibals !!!!!

16. Follow the Leader Catalyst for other nations:
Now everyone wanted to study the ocean
Norway, Germany, France, Austria, USA, Italy and
Monaco all followed with expeditions of their own
Here are some of the others ………

17. USA: Albert Agassiz aboard the vessel Blake
- Gulf Stream work
USA

18. Monaco Prince Edward of Monaco
aboard the Hirondelle II explored European waters
Until 1915
Monaco
His Father Prince Albert established the first ______________School in 1900

19. The Lab on the Ship.

20. Nansen
Norwegian explorer,
ocean scientist, and
Humanitarian
Ocean currents around
polar seas
Tricked his crew by
Letting his boat get
Stuck in the ice on
Purpose!

21. The _________
Frozen in ice – 1893 –1896 for North Pole trek, deep ocean survey of the area

22. Fram frozen in the Arctic ice pack

23. Picture of Nansen during
his time on Spitzbergen
Left the Fram
And trekked on foot trying
To reach the North Pole
A very dangerous
expedition

24. Nasen’s Voyage Nasen leaves Fram for the north pole March 1895
Winters on island in a hut made of moss and ice living on polar bear meat and Walrus Blubber
Arrive home on Aug 1896

25. But let’s not forget The Fram
OK – so Nansen was good, but the Fram – 1st ship through NW Passage in______, AND with Amundsen to Antarctica – was GREAT!

26. Fram in Ice
Fram Museum
The Crew

27. One significant German survey ship
The Meteor crossed the Atlantic 14 times
67,000 echo soundings
The Meteor
: The Meteor provided the first reliable measurement of ocean depths, continuous echo sounding and discovery of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge – something that we will revisit later

28. Because of World War I and the extensive use of ___________ in this war there were many “firsts” in
this time period in the area of Oceanography

29. World War 2 saw another leap forward – as detailed coastal charts, submarine conditions, sea conditions, etc…. needed to be known
Again – either commerce or war proved invaluable to oceanography

30. The Challenger was a(n) ________ Ship
American
British
German
Spanish

31. The Challenger was led by
Prince Albert
Wyville Thomson
Matthew Maury
Albert Agassiz

32. Prince Albert Opened the first school of Oceanography in
1416
1875
1901
1900

33. Nasen went to the north pole to study
Wind Patterns
Ocean currents
Eskimos
Ice Movement

34. Nasen’s boat was named the
Fram
Freud
Fraud
Flim

35. The Fram was an excellent boat because it was able to
Withstand wind.
Withstand cold.
Withstand being frozen in ice.
Withstand extreme heat.

36. The German ship the Meteor discovered the
Titanic
The Ocean Floor
The Mid Atlantic Ridge
Global Warming

37. The two driving forces behind advancement in Marine Science have been
Peace and Diplomacy
Warfare and Curiosity
Warfare and Trade
Curiosity and Trade

38. Fastest Responders (in seconds)
Participant 1
Participant 2
Participant 3
Participant 4
Participant 5

39. Modern Advances

40. Glomar Challenger

41. Glomar Highlights ‘68-’83
Took core samples of the Atlantic Ocean Sea Floor.
The floor samples offered evidence for the plate tectonic theory
Total distance penetrated below sea floor 325,548 m
Retired in 1983

42. Scripps FLIP Vessel
FLIP is a 335 ft. vessel, whose stern ballast tanks can be flooded to convert it into a 55 ft. stable platform for research.
The way water circulates, how storm waves are formed, how seismic waves move, how heat is exchanged between the ocean and the atmosphere, and the sound made underwater by marine animals are just a few of the subjects studied using the amazing FLIP.

43. FLIP: The World's Strangest Research Lab
FLIP stands for Floating Instrument Platform: it is actually a huge specialized buoy. One of its creators described it as looking like a 355-foot long ( 108 m) baseball bat. If that isn't unusual enough, it really flips!
Doors in the floor, portholes in the ceiling, tables bolted sideways to walls, stairs leading to nowhere! What kind of a research lab is this?

44. Joint Oceanographic Institutions Deep Earth Sampling (JOIDES) drilled on the ocean floor at a depth of 27,000 ft. and went 1000 ft. into ocean floor sediments.

45. Satellites
1978 SEASAT satellite launched for measuring global surface temperature, bio-productivity, and wave heights.
1990’s - Global Positioning Satellites were opened for public access.
2000’s – a 10-year project, Census of Marine Life, will seek to identify marine life and preserve species.

46. University National Oceanographic Laboratory System (UNOLS) has a fleet of academic research vessels, deep submersible and remote robotic vehicles.
R.O.V’s are becoming the tool of choice

47. Oceanographic Equipment
NOAA
NOAA
Oceanographic
Equipment
NOAA
Marine Science is only lacking American science students. The U.S. is only 17th in the world in scientific literacy.

48. Main Points
Middens are refuse dumps found near beaches left by prehistoric man and give clues to man’s first interactions with the sea.
The first Navigational tool was the Stick Chart used by the polynesians.
The first School of Navigation was opened by “Prince Henry the Navigator” in 1416.
Magellan first circumnavigated the globe in 1522

49. Capitan James Cook’s many advances in Maritime travel include successful testing of the chronometer and a solution to problem of scurvy.
Ben Franklin studied using the gulf stream to shorten travel time between US and Europe.
Matthew Maury The Father of Marine Science publishes the first textbook on Oceanography
The HMS Challenger Expedition. Led by Wyville Thomson. The first scientific venture to study the Ocean and Marine Life Exclusively.

50. Prince Albert of Monaco set up the first school of Oceanography in 1900.
The Meteor a German ship uses Sonar to map out the Atlantic Ocean Floor and discovers the mid Atlantic Ridge
The Fram …Design to survive being frozen in ice….The first ship to cross the Northwest passage in Used to study polar ocean currents and brought the first explorers to the North Pole
The Meteor discovered the Mid Atlantic Ridge
Commerce (Trade) and War have been the driving force behind most Marine Science advancements.

51. NEXT
Navigation