1. AP Psychology Exam Info
Monday, May 5 (afternoon session)
Bring photo ID, pens/pencils, & DO NOT BE LATE
2 hour, 10 minute exam
Part 1: Multiple choice
100 questions (A-E)
70 minutes
ANSWER EVERY QUESTION! GUESS GUESS GUESS!
10 minute break
Part 2: Free response
2 questions
50 minutes
ANSWER DIRECTLY!

2. AP Psychology Exam Info
150 total possible points (100 multiple choice, 50 free response)
Composite Score
AP Grade (approx.)
96-150 5
74-95 4
55-73 3
36-54 2
0-35 1

3. Unit 1 Review Topics Important People to Know John Locke
Terms/Ideas
psychology
phrenology
structuralism
introspection
functionalism
Gestalt
perceptual units
psychodynamic/psychoanalytic theory
unconscious
behaviorism
humanistic psychology
cognitive psychology
social psychology
nature vs. nurture
psychology vs. psychiatry
Important People to Know
John Locke
Rene Descartes
Hippocrates
Wilhelm Wundt
William James
Sigmund Freud

4. Unit 2 Review Topics random assignment reliability
Terms/Ideas
hypothesis
theory
operational definition
population
sample (random sampling)
Descriptive research
case study
surveys
naturalistic observation
Correlational research
correlation coefficient (r)
direction and size of correlations
drawbacks?
Experimental research
independent & dependent variables
experimental & control conditions
confounds
Terms/Ideas, cont.
random assignment
reliability
validity (internal & external)
demand characteristics
placebo effect
double-blind design
Descriptive statistics
measures of central tendency
measures of variability
Inferential statistics
statistical significance
meta-analysis
informed consent
debriefing
Institutional Review Boards (IRBs)

5. Unit 3 Review Topics Terms/Ideas glial cells Terms/Ideas, cont. Neuron
cell body/soma
nucleus
dendrites
axon
myelin sheath
Nodes of Ranvier
terminal buttons/terminal branches
resting potential
action potential
threshold (“all or none law”)
synapse/synaptic cleft
Neurotransmitters
vescicles
receptors
reuptake
Terms/Ideas, cont.
agonists & antagonists
Nervous system
central and peripheral
PNS = Skeletal and autonomic
ANS = sympathetic and parasympathetic
Endocrine system
hormones
pituitary gland
Mapping Brain Functions
EEG
CT scan
PET scan
MRI & fMRI

6. Unit 3 Review Topics Terms/Ideas, cont. Terms/Ideas Forebrain, cont.
cerebral cortex
frontal lobe
parietal lobe
temporal lobe
occipital lobe
corpus callosum
plasticity
Important People to Know
Phineas Gage
H.M.
Terms/Ideas
Hindbrain
medulla
pons
reticular formation
cerebellum
Midbrain
thalamus
Forebrain
limbic system
hippocampus
hypothalamus
amygdala

7. Unit 4 Review Topics Terms/Ideas sensation vs. perception
bottom-up & top-down processing
absolute threshold
just-noticeable difference (JND)
Weber’s Law
priming
sensory adaptation
transduction
Visual Sensation & Perception
amplitude & frequency of light waves
parts of the eye
theories of color vision
trichromatic theory
opponent-process theory (afterimages)
feature detector neurons
Terms/Ideas, cont.
Visual Sensation & Perception, cont.
cues to depth perception (monocular vs. binocular)
motion perception
stroboscopic effect
phi phenomenon
change blindness
Stroop task
Auditory Sensation & Perception
amplitude & frequency of sound waves
parts of the ear
pitch theories (place theory, frequency theory)
cocktail party effect
gate-control theory of pain
synesthesia

8. Unit 5 Review Topics Terms/Ideas
consciousness (normal/waking vs. altered states)
Sleep
circadian rhythm (roles of hypothalamus, pineal gland, melatonin)
stages of sleep
brain wave activity
Why do we sleep?
Why do we dream?
Freud (manifest vs. latent content)
sctivation-synthesis theory
memory consolidation
Terms/Ideas, cont.
Sleep, cont.
sleep disorders
insomnia
narcolepsy (hypocretin)
sleep apnea
night terrors
Hypnosis
absorption
applications of hypnosis
Psychoactive drugs
addiction, tolerance, & withdrawal
3 classes:
depressants
stimulants
hallucinogens
Near-death experiences

9. Unit 6 Review Topics Terms/Ideas Terms/Ideas, cont.
Classical conditioning
4 aspects:
unconditioned stimulus (US)
conditioned stimulus (CS)
unconditioned response (UR)
conditioned response (CR)
acquisition
extinction
reacquisition
spontaneous recovery
stimulus discrimination
stimulus generalization
biological preparedness
taste aversion (Garcia & Koelling study)
systematic desensitization
Terms/Ideas, cont.
Operant conditioning
Law of Effect
shaping
positive & negative reinforcement
4 schedules of partial reinforcement:
fixed ratio
variable ratio
fixed interval
variable interval
positive & negative punishment
Other types of learning besides conditioning
latent learning
insight learning
social/observational learning (modeling)
mirror neurons

10. Unit 6 Review Topics Important People to Know Ivan Pavlov John Watson
Edward Thorndike
BF Skinner
Wolfgang Kohler
Albert Bandura

11. In-Class Assignment: Classical Conditioning (5 pts.)
1. A college guy spends a summer going down to the football field every day, scattering birdseed all over the field while blowing a whistle, then walking off.
Fall arrives, and the school’s first home game starts. The referee walks out and blows his whistle - and the game has to be delayed half an hour to remove the birds who flocked when they heard the sound of the whistle.

12. In-Class Assignment: Classical Conditioning (5 pts.)
2. This story is from the U.S. Army’s Aberdeen Proving Grounds in Maryland. MaryBeth Garrigan of the University of Minnesota recalls a bird-watching assignment there during explosives testing.
“Looking through my binoculars, I saw a pair of red-tailed hawks sitting on a telephone pole, and as the bombing started, I expected the birds to fly away in a panic. Instead they flew to a platform closer to the explosions!”
She made sense of this when the bombing subsided, and the hawks began flying slowly over the field, diving down and picking up what looked like shell-shocked mice and rabbits.

13. In-Class Assignment: Classical Conditioning (5 pts.)
3. It’s your first day of college! Ah yes, your first experiences with dorm life. You are standing in the shower, trying to wake up, when you hear someone flush the toilet, then a few seconds later the shower water turns scaldingly hot! You yell and jump out of the way.
After the water temperature returns to normal, you resume the shower, but someone else flushes the toilet, the water gets hot, you jump again.
Sooner or later (sooner, I hope!), you begin to jump out of the way as soon as you hear a toilet flush without waiting to get burned.

14. In-Class Assignment: Classical Conditioning (5 pts.)
4. While crossing an intersection, you are nearly run down by a car. The next time you approach that intersection, you find yourself feeling nervous (e.g. palms sweating, heart racing, etc.)

15. In-Class Assignment: Classical Conditioning (5 pts.)
5. In order to punish your cat even when you’re not close enough to reach him, you have paired the sound of a clicker with getting squirted with water. Now the sound of the clicker causes him to startle.

16. Unit 7 Review Topics Memory, cont. Terms/Ideas Memory
3 steps to forming a memory (encoding, storage, retrieval)
Atkinson & Shiffring (1968): 3 Stage Model of Memory
sensory memory  short-term (working) memory  long-term memory
rehearsal
chunking
levels/depth of processing
primacy & recency effects
types of memories
explicit vs. implicit
episodic, semantic
Terms/Ideas, cont.
Memory, cont.
retrograde & anterograde amnesia
long-term potentiation
flashbulb memories
memory interference (proactive & retroactive)
repression
mnemonic devices

17. Unit 7 Review Topics Terms/Ideas Thinking
linguistic relativity (Whorf)
algorithms vs. heuristics
heuristics: availability, representativeness, anchor & adjust
confirmation bias
Language
phonemes, morphemes
grammar (syntax, semantics)
Broca’s aphasia, Wernicke’s aphasia
Important People to Know
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Elizabeth Loftus
Benjamin Whorf
Noam Chomsky

18. Unit 8 Review Topics Terms/Ideas Terms/Ideas, cont. Motivation Emotion
drive-reduction theory
law of optimal arousal (aka. Yerkes-Dodson Law)
hunger (lateral & ventromedial hypothalamus)
anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa
evolutionary perspective on mating habits
flow
Terms/Ideas, cont.
Emotion
catharsis
3 important theories of emotion
1. James-Lange
2. Cannon-Bard
3. two-factor theory (Schacter & Singer)
polygraph tests
Important People to Know
Abraham Maslow
Paul Ekman
Schacter & Singer

19. Unit 9 Review Topics 5 REVIEW DAYS LEFT! Psychosocial Development
Terms/Ideas, cont.
Psychosocial Development
attachment styles
critical period/imprinting
Baumrind’s parenting styles
Erikson’s stage model
Moral Development
Kohlberg’s stage model
dementia/Alzheimer’s Disease
Important People to Know
Jean Piaget
Harry Harlow
Mary Ainsworth
Konrad Lorenz
Lawrence Kohlberg
Erik Erikson
Terms/Ideas
Physical/Prenatal Development
zygote  embryo  fetus
teratogens
Cognitive Development
schemas (assimilation & accomodation)
Piaget’s stage model
object permanence
conservation
egocentrism/theory of mind
autism

20. Child Rearing Practices: Level of Control?
1. authoritarian style
impose rules, expect unquestioning obedience & conformity
high expectations, but no explanation of rules (“Why? Because I said so.”)
most likely to use physical punishment
kids: low in social competence
rarely take initiative, look to others for what is right
lack spontaneity
competence: parents always choosing how kid should act, rather than self-directed

21. Child Rearing Practices: Level of Control?
2. permissive style
warm, but lax, style
submit to children’s wishes, make few demands, use little punishment, few rules
kids: selfish, impulsive, aggressive, insecure, low achievers
often lacking in social responsibility

22. Child Rearing Practices: Level of Control?
3. authoritative style
both demanding & responsive
set rules & enforce them...
...but explain reasons for rules
...and explain why punishment is happening
encourage independence
kids: high self-esteem, independence
ability to reason, form own opinions & arguments

23. Unit 10 Review Topics 4 REVIEW DAYS LEFT! Terms/Ideas
Psychoanalytic theory (aka. psychodynamic)
the unconscious
accessing the unconscious:
dreams (manifest vs. latent content)
free association
hypnosis
projective tests
id, superego, & ego
Freud’s stage model of psychosexual development
Oedipus complex
defense mechanisms:
repression, projection, regression, reaction formation, sublimation
4 REVIEW DAYS LEFT!
Terms/Ideas, cont.
Trait approach
factor analysis
five-factor theory of personality (“the Big Five”)
learned helplessness
Important People to Know
Sigmund Freud
Anna O.
Carl Jung
Gordon Allport

24. Unit 11 Review Topics Terms/Ideas, cont. stereotype threat
Intelligence
general intelligence (g)
emotional intelligence
convergent vs. divergent thinking (creativity?)
crystallized vs. fluid intelligence
Intelligence testing
Intelligence quotient (IQ)
famous IQ tests:
Binet-Simon
Stanford-Binet
WAIS/WISC
standardization
reliability (test-retest, split-half)
validity (criterion)
Terms/Ideas, cont.
stereotype threat
Important People to Know
Charles Spearman
Howard Gardner
Alfred Binet & Theodore Simon
Lewis Terman

25. Stray Topic #1: Hans Selye
General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
3 stage model of reactions to stress:
1. Alarm (fight-or-flight, sympathetic NS, prepare body)
2. Resistance (remain physically “ready”; can deplete energy if too long)
3. Exhaustion (parasympathetic NS)
more vulnerable to disease, illness in Exhaustion stage

26. Stray Topic #2: Opponent-Process Theory
Not just for color vision…
also opposing processes in emotions, addiction
Emotions & skydivers
inexperienced = more scared before, less pleasure upon landing
experienced = less scared before, more pleasure upon landing

27. Stray Topic #3: A Few Misc. Names
Carol Gilligan
refined Kohlberg’s stage theory
men = absolute in their morality
women = more likely to take situation into account
Hubel & Wiesel
feature detector neurons
Robert Rescorla
Contingency model of classical conditioning (aka. Rescorla-Wagner model)
Pavlov = contiguity model (more pairings = more learning)
Rescorla = contingency model (more CONSISTENT pairings = more learning)
Expectations/cognition matter in conditioning
Schacter & Singer: two-factor theory of emotion

28. Unit 12 Review Topics Terms/Ideas, cont. Mood disorders
Diagnostic & Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition (DSM-IV)
5 axes
Anxiety Disorders
Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
Panic disorder (PD)
Agoraphobia
Phobias
Social anxiety disorder (SAD) (aka. social phobia)
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
Terms/Ideas, cont.
Mood disorders
Major depressive disorder (MDD)
Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
Bipolar disorder (BD)
Schizophrenia
delusions, hallucinations, language disruptions
Personality disorders
especially borderline (BPD) and antisocial (APD)
Important People to Know
David Rosenhan

29. Unit 13 Review Topics Terms/Ideas, cont. Types of Medication
Psychoanalytic Therapy
resistance
transference
Humanistic Therapy
client-centered therapy
active listening
Behavioral therapy
counterconditioning
token economies
systematic desensitization
Cognitive therapy/cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)
Terms/Ideas, cont.
Types of Medication
antipsychotics, antidepressants, antianxiety, mood-stabilizers
“Alternative” Therapies
electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), rTMS, EMDR, lobotomy
Important People to Know
Sigmund Freud
Carl Rogers

30. Stray Topic #4: Types of Intelligence Tests
aptitude tests: ability, what you can do
achievement tests: knowledge, what you have learned

31. Stray Topic #5: Somatoform Disorders
experiencing physical problems in the absence of any physical cause
hypochondriasis: frequent physical complaints for which doctors cannot find cause
minor problems indicative of major problems?
conversion disorder: severe physical problems with no apparent biological reason (paralysis, blindness)
Due to unresolved unconscious conflicts? Reinforced behaviors?

32. Stray Topic #6: Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy
Specific type of CBT
Developed by Albert Ellis
Aims to expose, confront dysfunctional thoughts of clients

33. Stray Topic #7: Group Dynamics
besides social facilitation, social loafing
group polarization: groups make more extreme decisions than they would individually
groupthink: group members suppress concerns about ideas that group supports
false unanimity (missing important flaws in idea?)

34. Unit 14 Review Topics Terms/Ideas Hindsight bias
Terms/Ideas, cont.
Stereotypes, prejudice, & discrimination
Explicit vs. implicit attitudes (IAT)
outgroup homogeneity, ingroup favoritism
Persuasion
Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM)
persuasion techniques:
foot-in-the-door
door-in-the-face
Attraction & relationships
mere exposure effect
halo effect
Sternberg’s triangle theory
Group processes
social facilitation, social loafing
Terms/Ideas
Hindsight bias
Fundamental attribution error
Social roles (Stanford Prison Study)
Cognitive dissonance
Conformity
Informational & normative social influence
Obedience to authority
Helping behavior
Bystander effect, diffusion of responsibility
Terror Management Theory

35. Unit 14 Review Topics Important People to Know Phil Zimbardo
Leon Festinger
Solomon Asch
Stanley Milgram