1. AS Unit 2
Rules of the
GAME

2. Every mark counts June 2012 A B C D E Unit 1 53/72 47 42 37 32 74% 58%
44%
Unit 2 41 35 30
57%
42%

3. Write in black felt liner
THE EXAM
All questions are compulsory.
The answer booklet dictates how much you write.
Your answers are clipped when they are marked.
Write in black felt liner

4. THE EXAM Can I use bullet points?
One extended writing question where QOWC marks are allocated.
72 marks for the whole paper in 90 minutes i.e. about 1 ¼ minutes per mark
4 mark question = 5 minutes

5. GETTING INTO THE MIND OF THE PRINCIPAL EXAMINER
Questions are set from the specification.
Don’t rely on textbooks.
For each topic know the SPECIFICATION.
For each topic be aware of POSSIBLE questions.
Use past papers.
Write your own questions.
Specification
Conformity (majority influence) and explanations of why people conform, including informational social influence and normative social influence.
Types of conformity, including internalisation and compliance.
Obedience to authority, including Milgram’s work and explanations of why people obey.

7. Patterns

8. QT Simple selection

9. QT 1 Simple selection Answer strategies?
Only 50% of students got this right.
Jot answers down first then look
Cross some out
It is worth 2 marks
If you tick too many your answer is null and void.

10. QT Short description

11. QT Short description
Outline two explanations of why people obey. (2 marks + 2 marks)
Outline what is meant by Type A behaviour. (2 marks)
Outline a method used by psychologists to assess whether someone shows Type A behaviour. (2 marks)
Outline two definitions of abnormality. (3 marks + 3 marks)
What is meant by informational social influence. (3 marks)

12. QT Short description
What is meant by informational social influence. (3 marks)
When people conform because of a desire to be right.
For example in Asch’s study participants felt the others must be right so they went along with a wrong answer.
In some situations this leads to a change of private as well as public opinion.
= 45 words

13. QT Short description
Outline what is involved in stress inoculation therapy. (3 marks)
What is stress inoculation therapy? (3 marks)

14. QT Short description
What is involved in stress inoculation therapy? (3 marks)

15. Unit 2
Biological Psychology: Stress
Short description (2-3 marks)
Stress as a bodily response
The body’s response to stress, including the pituitary adrenal system and the sympathomedullary pathway in outline.
Stress-related illness and the immune system.
Stress in everyday life
Life changes and daily hassles as sources of stress.
Workplace stress including the effects of workload and control.
Personality factors, including Type A and Type B behaviour, hardiness.
Psychological and biological methods of stress management, including stress inoculation therapy and drug therapy.
Pituitary adrenal system
Sympathomedullary pathway
(Stress-related illness)
(Immune system)
Life changes
Daily hassles
Workplace stress
Workload
Control in relation to workplace stress
Type A
Type B
Hardiness
Stress inoculation therapy (6 marks)
Drug therapy (6 marks)
6 markers
How as well as what

16. Unit 2
Social Psychology: Social influence
Short description (2-3 marks)
Social influence
Conformity (majority influence) and explanations of why people conform, including informational social influence and normative social influence.
Types of conformity, including internalisation and compliance.
Obedience to authority, including Milgram’s work and explanations of why people obey.
Social influence in everyday life
Explanations of independent behaviour, including locus of control and how people resist pressures to conform and resist pressures to obey authority.
How social influence research helps us understand social change; the role of minority influence in social change.
Conformity (majority influence)
Informational social influence
Normative social influence
Internalisation
Compliance
Obedience to authority
Independent behaviour
Locus of control
Social change
Minority influence

17. Unit 2
Individual differences: Psychopathology (abnormality)
Short description (2-3 marks)
Defining and explaining psychological abnormality
Definitions of abnormality, including deviation from social norms, failure to function adequately and deviation from ideal mental health, and limitations associated with these definitions of psychological abnormality.
The biological approach to psychopathology.
Psychological approaches to psychopathology including the psychodynamic, behavioural and cognitive approaches.
Treating abnormality
Biological therapies, including drugs and ECT.
Psychological therapies, including psychoanalysis, systematic de-sensitisation and Cognitive Behavioural Therapy.
Deviation from social norms
Failure to function adequately
Deviation from ideal mental health
Biological approach to psychopathology
Psychodynamic approach to …
Behavioural approach to …
Cognitive approaches approach to …
Drugs
ECT
Psychoanalysis
Systematic de-sensitisation
Cognitive Behavioural Therapy
6 markers
How as well as what
6 markers

18. QT Differences
Explain how informational social influence differ from normative social influence. (4 marks)
Explain how the behavioural approach to abnormality differs from the psychodynamic approach. (4 marks)

19. QT Differences
Explain how informational social influence differ from normative social influence. (4 marks)
Information SI is about being right. For example …
Normative SI is about wanting to be liked. For example …
Information SI is about being right whereas normative SI is about wanting to be liked.
For example in Asch’s study it might appear that the reason for conformity was wanting to be right but in fact the participants might have conformed because they were concerned about what the others thought.

20. QT 4 Longer description (theories)
A theory = an inter-related collection of facts

21. QT Longer description
Using your knowledge of psychology, explain why some people might resist pressures to conform. (4 marks)
Explain one or more reasons why people obey authority. (6 marks)
Outline the psychodynamic approach to psychopathology. (6 marks)
Outline the behavioural approach to psychopathology. (6 marks)

22. Unit 2
Biological Psychology: Stress
Long description (6 marks)
Stress as a bodily response
The body’s response to stress, including the pituitary adrenal system and the sympathomedullary pathway in outline.
Stress-related illness and the immune system.
Stress in everyday life
Life changes and daily hassles as sources of stress.
Workplace stress including the effects of workload and control.
Personality factors, including Type A and Type B behaviour, hardiness.
Psychological and biological methods of stress management, including stress inoculation therapy and drug therapy.
The body’s response to stress (= pituitary adrenal system + sympathomedullary pathway)
Explain the relationship between stress and illness
Stress inoculation therapy
Drug therapy

23. Unit 2
Social Psychology: Social influence
Long description (6 marks)
Social influence
Conformity (majority influence) and explanations of why people conform, including informational social influence and normative social influence.
Types of conformity, including internalisation and compliance.
Obedience to authority, including Milgram’s work and explanations of why people obey.
Social influence in everyday life
Explanations of independent behaviour, including locus of control and how people resist pressures to conform and resist pressures to obey authority.
How social influence research helps us understand social change; the role of minority influence in social change.
Explain why people conform (= informational social influence + normative social influence)
Outline types of conformity (= Internalisation + compliance)
Explain why people obey
Explain why people resist pressures to conform (= explain independent behaviour)
Explain why people resist pressures to obey (= explain independent behaviour)
Explain how social influence research helps us to understand social change
Explain how minority influence helps us to understand social change

24. Unit 2
Individual differences: Psychopathology (abnormality)
Long description (6 marks)
Defining and explaining psychological abnormality
Definitions of abnormality, including deviation from social norms, failure to function adequately and deviation from ideal mental health, and limitations associated with these definitions of psychological abnormality.
The biological approach to psychopathology.
Psychological approaches to psychopathology including the psychodynamic, behavioural and cognitive approaches.
Treating abnormality
Biological therapies, including drugs and ECT.
Psychological therapies, including psychoanalysis, systematic de-sensitisation and Cognitive Behavioural Therapy.
Outline definitions of abnormality (= deviation from social norms + failure to function adequately + deviation from ideal mental health)
Biological approach to …
Psychodynamic approach to …
Behavioural approach to …
Cognitive approaches approach …
Drugs
ECT
Psychoanalysis
Systematic de-sensitisation
Cognitive Behavioural Therapy

25. or 6 points of about 25 words.
Six marks worth
Outline biological methods of stress management. (6 marks) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
6 marks is about 150 words
or 6 points of about 25 words.

26. Why it works A prècis is a summary where one cuts out less important
material leaving the key bits.
golden nuggets.
Produces a précis of text.
Gives you the coat pegs.
Ensures you learn just the right amount (not too much or too little).
And assists recall.

27. AO1 Description Description (AO1) Marks Detail
Knowledge and understanding
Selection of appropriate material
Presentation of information 6
Accurate and reasonably detailed
Sound
Appropriate
Clear and coherent
5-4
Generally accurate, less detailed
Relevant
Some evidence
3-2
Basic
Some relevant
Little evidence 1
Very brief/flawed
Very little
Largely or wholly inappropriate

28. Good AO1 is DETAILED The devil is in the detail
‘Repression is when you don’t remember certain events.’
More detail: ‘Repression is when you don’t remember traumatic events.’
Even more detail: ‘According to Freud (1918) repression is when you don’t remember traumatic events.’

29. Not the same as research methods!
QT Research studies
Not the same as research methods!

30. QT 5 Research studies WHAT HOW SHOW
Describe one research study that has investigated stress in the workplace. In your answer you should include details of what was done and what was found. (4 marks)
WHAT
Describe one or more studies of workplace stress. (5 marks)
HOW
Outline how one research study investigated the effects of control of on workplace stress. (4 marks)
SHOW
Outline what research has shown about personality factors in stress. (4 marks)
Outline what research has shown about how people resist pressures to conform. (4 marks)

31. How many studies do you have to know?
Avoid confabulation
How many studies do you have to know?
Describe and evaluate research into conformity.
Describe research into conformity.
You MUST know one study well for the long description questions.
You SHOULD know a 2nd study for essay questions.
You COULD learn about a 3rd study.
This would give you 2 or 3 marks AO1 for an essay.
This would give you about 4 out of 6 marks AO1.
This could make it up to 6 out of 6 marks.
1 ½ studies

32. Not CHD Unit 2 Biological Psychology: Stress Research studies
Stress as a bodily response
The body’s response to stress, including the pituitary adrenal system and the sympathomedullary pathway in outline.
Stress-related illness and the immune system.
Stress in everyday life
Life changes and daily hassles as sources of stress.
Workplace stress including the effects of workload and control.
Personality factors, including Type A and Type B behaviour, hardiness.
Psychological and biological methods of stress management, including stress inoculation therapy and drug therapy.
Life changes
Daily hassles
Workplace stress – effects of workload
Workplace stress – effects of control
Personality factors, Type A and Type B behaviour
Not CHD
1 ½ studies

33. Unit 2
Social Psychology: Social influence
Research studies
Social influence
Conformity (majority influence) and explanations of why people conform, including informational social influence and normative social influence.
Types of conformity, including internalisation and compliance.
Obedience to authority, including Milgram’s work and explanations of why people obey.
Social influence in everyday life
Explanations of independent behaviour, including locus of control and how people resist pressures to conform and resist pressures to obey authority.
How social influence research helps us understand social change; the role of minority influence in social change.
Conformity (majority influence)
Obedience to authority, including Milgram’s work
Locus of control
How people resist pressures to conform
How people resist pressures to obey authority
The role of minority influence in social change
1 ½ studies

34. Unit 2
Individual differences: Psychopathology (abnormality)
Research studies
Defining and explaining psychological abnormality
Definitions of abnormality, including deviation from social norms, failure to function adequately and deviation from ideal mental health, and limitations associated with these definitions of psychological abnormality.
The biological approach to psychopathology.
Psychological approaches to psychopathology including the psychodynamic, behavioural and cognitive approaches.
Treating abnormality
Biological therapies, including drugs and ECT.
Psychological therapies, including psychoanalysis, systematic de-sensitisation and Cognitive Behavioural Therapy.
Research studies might be used as evaluation … but then description of the studies is less important.

35. EXAM QUESTION
What’s the catch?
Explain what psychological research has shown about the stressful impact of either life changes or daily hassles. (4 marks)
Either or
SHOWN

36. QT 6 Criticisms, strengths limitations … evaluation

37. QT 6 Criticisms, strengths limitations … evaluation
Evaluate the biological approach to abnormality. (6 marks)
5 a. Name one psychological method of stress management. (1 mark)
5 b. Explain strengths of this psychological method of stress management. (5 marks)
Identify one definition of abnormality and explain one limitation associated with this definition. (3 marks)
The three point rule

38. THREE POINT RULE Top and bottom your paragraphs.
One definition of abnormality is deviation from social norms Explain one limitation of this definition. (3 marks)
THREE POINT RULE
Top and bottom your paragraphs.
STATE your criticism (What is it?)
EVIDENCE (‘Why is that true in this study?’)
SO WHAT? it (e.g. ‘Why is this a good or bad thing?’)

39. QT 7 Extended writing questions

40. QT Short essays
‘Abnormality can be defined as ‘the failure to function adequately’.
Outline and evaluate this definition of abnormality. (6 marks)
Outline and evaluate one research study related to conformity (majority influence). (6 marks)
Discuss one or more explanations of independent behaviour, for example, how people resist pressures to conform or obey. (8 marks)
Outline and evaluate the biological approach to psychopathology. (8 marks)
Describe and evaluate one or more biological methods of stress management. (10 marks)

41. QT Long essays
Outline and evaluate research into the relationship between the immune system and stress-related illness. (12 marks)
Discuss the cognitive approach to psychopathology. (12 marks)
‘There are several methods used to manage the negative effects of stress. These methods can be biological or psychological.’
Discuss two or more methods of stress management. (12 marks)
“Not everyone conforms or obeys authority; some people resist these pressures and remain independent.””
Outline and evaluate research relating to independent behaviour. (12 marks)

42. THE ESSAY QUESTIONS Description (AO1) Marks Detail
Knowledge and understanding
Selection of appropriate material
Presentation of information 6
Accurate and reasonably detailed
Sound
Appropriate
Clear and coherent
5-4
Generally accurate, less detailed
Relevant
Some evidence
3-2
Basic
Some relevant
Little evidence 1
Very brief/flawed
Very little
Largely or wholly inappropriate
Grade A 75% = 4 ½
Pass 45%

43. Range of issues and/or evidence
Evaluation (AO2)
Marks
Use of material
Range of issues and/or evidence
Expression of ideas , specialist terms, spelling etc 6
Effective
Broad range (5) in reasonable depth or
Narrower range (4) in greater depth
Clear and good range, few errors
5-4
Not always effective
Range (4) in limited depth or
Narrower range (3) in greater depth
Reasonable, some errors
3-2
Basic
Superficial consideration of restricted range
Lacks clarity, some specialist terms, errors 1
Rudimentary
Just discernible
Poor, few specialist terms
Grade A 75% = 4 ½
Pass 45%

45. Structure 12 marks = 12 points (about 300 words)
Describe and evaluate research on obedience to authority.
AO1 Describe a study
AO1 Details of the study
AO2 Evaluate the study
AO2 Elaboration of evaluation
Describe and evaluate the biological approach to psychopathology
AO1 One key point
AO1 Details
AO2 Critical point
AO2 Elaboration
Depth and breadth

46. Unit 2
Biological Psychology: Stress
Essays
Stress as a bodily response
The body’s response to stress, including the pituitary adrenal system and the sympathomedullary pathway in outline.
Stress-related illness and the immune system.
Stress in everyday life
Life changes and daily hassles as sources of stress.
Workplace stress including the effects of workload and control.
Personality factors, including Type A and Type B behaviour, hardiness.
Psychological and biological methods of stress management, including stress inoculation therapy and drug therapy.
Life changes
Daily hassles
Workplace stress
Personality factors
(Type A and Type B, Hardiness)
Psychological methods of stress management
Biological methods of stress management
Stress inoculation therapy
Drug therapy
1 ½ studies
1 ½ therapies

47. Unit 2
Social Psychology: Social influence
Essays
Social influence
Conformity (majority influence) and explanations of why people conform, including informational social influence and normative social influence.
Types of conformity, including internalisation and compliance.
Obedience to authority, including Milgram’s work and explanations of why people obey.
Social influence in everyday life
Explanations of independent behaviour, including locus of control and how people resist pressures to conform and resist pressures to obey authority.
How social influence research helps us understand social change; the role of minority influence in social change.
Conformity (majority influence)
Obedience to authority
Explanations of why people conform
Explanations of why people obey
Explanations of independent behaviour
The role of minority influence in social change
1 ½ studies
3 explanations

48. Unit 2
Individual differences: Psychopathology (abnormality)
Essays
Defining and explaining psychological abnormality
Definitions of abnormality, including deviation from social norms, failure to function adequately and deviation from ideal mental health, and limitations associated with these definitions of psychological abnormality.
The biological approach to psychopathology.
Psychological approaches to psychopathology including the psychodynamic, behavioural and cognitive approaches.
Treating abnormality
Biological therapies, including drugs and ECT.
Psychological therapies, including psychoanalysis, systematic de-sensitisation and Cognitive Behavioural Therapy.
Definitions of abnormality
The biological approach to psychopathology
The psychodynamic approach to …
The behavioural approach to …
The cognitive approach to …
Biological therapies
Drug therapy
ECT
Psychological therapies
Psychoanalysis
Systematic de-sensitisation
Cognitive Behavioural Therapy

49. Research into Life changes as a source of stress
Holmes and Rahe (1960s) SRRS
The key feature of life changes is the psychic cost of change.
Individual differences
Research is correlational.
Rahe et al. (1970)
How? Used a version of SRRS with 2600 Navy men.
Showed? A small positive correlation between illness and LCUs.
Retrospective recall may be unreliable.
Daily hassles may be better predictor – one reason may be that people are more likely to seek support for major life events (Flett et al., 1995).
3rd study?
Essay plan
A tendency for respondents to give a negativ response
1 research study

50. Not the same as research studies!
QT Research methods
Not the same as research studies!

51. QT 9 Applying your knowledge

52. TOP TIPS