3. Brain Structures Hindbrain Midbrain Forebrain
Functions essential to maintaining life
Medulla, pons, cerebellum
Midbrain
Connects hindbrain to forebrain
Reticular formation
Forebrain
Higher functioning (thinking, decisions, dreaming)
Thalamus, hypothalamus, cerebral cortex, amygdala

4. http://www. thepsychfiles

6. Corpus Callosum: Connects the right and left brains to allow integration of information between the brain hemispheres
Association Areas: Interpreting, integrating, and acting on info processed by other parts of the brain
Thalamus: Relay system to the cerebral cortex for most of the senses (not smell) and pain
Hypothalamus: Controls body temperature, food intake, drink, sex drive
Pituitary Gland: Stimulates or inhibits the release of hormones
Amygdala: Aggression and fear

7. Hippocampus: Short-term memory, spatial navigation
Medulla: Involuntary actions, heartbeat, blood pressure, breathing, swallowing
Reticular Formation: Screens incoming sensory information, habituation, and controls arousal (being awake / alert / paying attention)
Pons: Waking and sleeping, dreams
Cerebellum: Balance, coordination, fine motor movement, learned motor skills
Nucleus Accumbens: Reward, laughter, pleasure, addiction, fear

8. Discussion
In order to save your life, one part of your brain must be removed. Which part are you willing to live without and why?

9. Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex
Frontal Lobe
Thinking, reasoning, emotions, judgment, decision-making, complex mental tasks, voluntary movement (motor cortex), and speech production (Broca’s Area)
Parietal Lobe
Interprets information from the senses (somatosensory cortex: pressure, pain, touch, temperature), recognizing objects

10. Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex
Temporal Lobe
Some kinds of memory, hearing, speaking, remembering, language comprehension (Wernicke’s Area), some emotional control (includes hippocampus)
Occipital Lobe
Vision, visual perception, reading ability

11. Parietal lobe
Parietal lobe
Frontal lobe
Frontal lobe
Occipital lobe
Occipital lobe
Temporal lobe
Temporal lobe

12. Brain Damage Localization of function: parts are specialized
Neuroplasticity: brain can grow and change
Coma vs. “Brain dead”
Reticular formation vs. cerebral cortex

13. Looking Inside the Brain
MRI fMRI

14. Sex of a Brain
Females: lateralization, perceptual speed & reasoning, language & emotion centers
Males: spatial skills, relationship between body parts, hypothalamus

15. Endocrine System: Hormones

17. Neuron Communication Action potential animation
Neurons are negatively charged in a resting state
With enough excitatory messages, sodium channels open which lets in positively charged sodium ions and positively charges the neuron
With enough charge (depolarization), the action potential (message) begins and travels down the axon, opening sodium channels along the way
Sodium channels close behind the action potential and potassium ions leave the cell
Inside of cell is restored to the resting state

18. Neuron Communication Neurotransmitter release animation
When the action potential (electrical message) reaches the terminal button, the vesicles release neurotransmitters (chemical messages) into the synaptic gap
Neurotransmitters bind to the receptors in the receiving cell, causing its sodium channels to open and begin another action potential
The neurotransmitter is broken down by enzymes in the synaptic gap or brought back into the terminal button, ending its action

19. Your Body as a Neuron
Your body: Arms (dendrites), head (cell body), face (nucleus), torso (axon), fatty layer around torso (myelin sheath), legs (axon terminal), feet (synaptic knobs), neurotransmitters shoot out of the bottom

20. Questions about Drugs
Write down your questions about drugs

21. Normal Neurotransmitter Action
Action potential triggers release of NT
NT spreads message to next neuron
NT is either broken down in the synapse by enzymes or pumped back into the neuron (reuptake), ending its action

22. Drugs Change Normal NT Action
Agonist: mimics neurotransmitter action
Ex. Black widow venom ACh agonist
Antagonist: blocks neurotransmitter action
Ex. Curare ACh antagonist
Can interfere with 1) NT release, 2) NT reuptake, 3) NT breakdown

23. Response to Interference
Homeostasis: maintaining preferred state
Example: temperature increases = sweat

24. Response to Interference
Side effects: unintended NT action
Prolonged use: neurons will 1) change NT production, 2) change number of receptors
Tolerance: need more & more for effects
Withdrawal: physical & emotional symptoms felt when drug is not used
Dependence: lack of normal functioning without drug; use required to avoid w/d
Example: Heroin use vs. withdrawal
overdose

25. Example: Amphetamines block Dopamine reuptake. Alcohol?

26. Classes of Drugs
Depressants: reduce tension, euphoria, disinhibition, drowsiness, muscle relaxation
alcohol, barbiturates, anti-anxiety, Rohypnol
Stimulants: exhilaration, euphoria, high energy, reduced appetite, sociability
cocaine, (meth)amphetamine, MDMA
Opiates: euphoria, rush of pleasure, pain relief
Heroin, morphine, Oxycodone
Hallucinogens: distorted sensations, euphoria, mild delusions, hallucinations
LSD, mescaline, psilocybin (mushrooms), marijuana

27. Altered Consciousness
Meditation: focus attention, block out distractions
Video: Meditation changes brain
Can change brain waves, heart rate, oxygen consumption, sweat gland activity
Increases emotional control, positive emotions, hopefulness

28. Nervous System Demonstration
Count your heartbeats for 10 seconds

29. Stress
Mental and physical condition that occurs when a person must adjust or adapt to the environment
Good vs. bad stress
Stress Reaction:
Physical reaction to stress
Autonomic Nervous System is aroused
Short-term vs. long-term stresses

30. General Adaptation Syndrome (G.A.S.)
Alarm Reaction:
Increased hormones (adrenaline, noradrenaline, and cortisol)
Stage of Resistance:
Bodily adjustments stabilize
Symptoms of alarm reaction disappear but still using resources
Stage of Exhaustion:
Continuous stress leads to draining of the body’s resources and depletion of stress hormones

31. $ spent in the last week on:
1) fruits and vegetables
2) working out
3) cigarettes and alcohol
4) junk food or “fast food”

32. Death of a spouse
100
Son or daughter leaving home 29
Divorce 73
Trouble with in-laws
Marital Separation 65
Outstanding Personal achievements 28
Jail term 63
Spouse begins or stops work 26
Death of a close family member
Begin or end school
Personal injury or illness 53
Change in living conditions 25
Marriage 50
Revision of personal habits 24
Fired at work 47
Trouble with boss 23
Marital reconciliation 45
Change in work hours or conditions 20
Change in health of family member
Change in residence
Retirement 44
Change in school
Pregnancy 40
Change in recreation 19
Sex difficulties 39
Change in religious activities
Gain of a new family member
Change in social activities 18
Business readjustments
Loan less than 50,000 17
Change in financial state 38
Change in sleeping habits 16
Death of a close friend 37
Change in no. of family get- togethers 15
Change to different line of work 36
Change in eating habits
Change in # of arguments w spouse 35
Vacation 13
Mortgage over $ 50,000 31
Holidays 12
Foreclosure of mortgage 30
Minor violation of laws 11
Change in responsibilities at work

33. Dealing with Stress Emotion-focused coping: change emotions
Problem-focused coping: change situation
Control: children 6-14 yrs, Thailand & U.S.
went to a doctor's office to get a shot
ran away, screamed vs. thought it was good for me
had an accident and was physically hurt
Clean the wound vs. try to relax
a peer said unkind things
Corrected them vs. thought about favorite things