Download presentation
Presentation is loading. Please wait.
Published byOctavio Littlejohn Modified over 10 years ago
3
Brain Structures Hindbrain Midbrain Forebrain
Functions essential to maintaining life Medulla, pons, cerebellum Midbrain Connects hindbrain to forebrain Reticular formation Forebrain Higher functioning (thinking, decisions, dreaming) Thalamus, hypothalamus, cerebral cortex, amygdala
4
http://www. thepsychfiles
6
Corpus Callosum: Connects the right and left brains to allow integration of information between the brain hemispheres Association Areas: Interpreting, integrating, and acting on info processed by other parts of the brain Thalamus: Relay system to the cerebral cortex for most of the senses (not smell) and pain Hypothalamus: Controls body temperature, food intake, drink, sex drive Pituitary Gland: Stimulates or inhibits the release of hormones Amygdala: Aggression and fear
7
Hippocampus: Short-term memory, spatial navigation
Medulla: Involuntary actions, heartbeat, blood pressure, breathing, swallowing Reticular Formation: Screens incoming sensory information, habituation, and controls arousal (being awake / alert / paying attention) Pons: Waking and sleeping, dreams Cerebellum: Balance, coordination, fine motor movement, learned motor skills Nucleus Accumbens: Reward, laughter, pleasure, addiction, fear
8
Discussion In order to save your life, one part of your brain must be removed. Which part are you willing to live without and why?
9
Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex
Frontal Lobe Thinking, reasoning, emotions, judgment, decision-making, complex mental tasks, voluntary movement (motor cortex), and speech production (Broca’s Area) Parietal Lobe Interprets information from the senses (somatosensory cortex: pressure, pain, touch, temperature), recognizing objects
10
Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex
Temporal Lobe Some kinds of memory, hearing, speaking, remembering, language comprehension (Wernicke’s Area), some emotional control (includes hippocampus) Occipital Lobe Vision, visual perception, reading ability
11
Parietal lobe Parietal lobe Frontal lobe Frontal lobe Occipital lobe Occipital lobe Temporal lobe Temporal lobe
12
Brain Damage Localization of function: parts are specialized
Neuroplasticity: brain can grow and change Coma vs. “Brain dead” Reticular formation vs. cerebral cortex
13
Looking Inside the Brain
MRI fMRI
14
Sex of a Brain Females: lateralization, perceptual speed & reasoning, language & emotion centers Males: spatial skills, relationship between body parts, hypothalamus
15
Endocrine System: Hormones
17
Neuron Communication Action potential animation
Neurons are negatively charged in a resting state With enough excitatory messages, sodium channels open which lets in positively charged sodium ions and positively charges the neuron With enough charge (depolarization), the action potential (message) begins and travels down the axon, opening sodium channels along the way Sodium channels close behind the action potential and potassium ions leave the cell Inside of cell is restored to the resting state
18
Neuron Communication Neurotransmitter release animation
When the action potential (electrical message) reaches the terminal button, the vesicles release neurotransmitters (chemical messages) into the synaptic gap Neurotransmitters bind to the receptors in the receiving cell, causing its sodium channels to open and begin another action potential The neurotransmitter is broken down by enzymes in the synaptic gap or brought back into the terminal button, ending its action
19
Your Body as a Neuron Your body: Arms (dendrites), head (cell body), face (nucleus), torso (axon), fatty layer around torso (myelin sheath), legs (axon terminal), feet (synaptic knobs), neurotransmitters shoot out of the bottom
20
Questions about Drugs Write down your questions about drugs
21
Normal Neurotransmitter Action
Action potential triggers release of NT NT spreads message to next neuron NT is either broken down in the synapse by enzymes or pumped back into the neuron (reuptake), ending its action
22
Drugs Change Normal NT Action
Agonist: mimics neurotransmitter action Ex. Black widow venom ACh agonist Antagonist: blocks neurotransmitter action Ex. Curare ACh antagonist Can interfere with 1) NT release, 2) NT reuptake, 3) NT breakdown
23
Response to Interference
Homeostasis: maintaining preferred state Example: temperature increases = sweat
24
Response to Interference
Side effects: unintended NT action Prolonged use: neurons will 1) change NT production, 2) change number of receptors Tolerance: need more & more for effects Withdrawal: physical & emotional symptoms felt when drug is not used Dependence: lack of normal functioning without drug; use required to avoid w/d Example: Heroin use vs. withdrawal overdose
25
Example: Amphetamines block Dopamine reuptake. Alcohol?
26
Classes of Drugs Depressants: reduce tension, euphoria, disinhibition, drowsiness, muscle relaxation alcohol, barbiturates, anti-anxiety, Rohypnol Stimulants: exhilaration, euphoria, high energy, reduced appetite, sociability cocaine, (meth)amphetamine, MDMA Opiates: euphoria, rush of pleasure, pain relief Heroin, morphine, Oxycodone Hallucinogens: distorted sensations, euphoria, mild delusions, hallucinations LSD, mescaline, psilocybin (mushrooms), marijuana
27
Altered Consciousness
Meditation: focus attention, block out distractions Video: Meditation changes brain Can change brain waves, heart rate, oxygen consumption, sweat gland activity Increases emotional control, positive emotions, hopefulness
28
Nervous System Demonstration
Count your heartbeats for 10 seconds
29
Stress Mental and physical condition that occurs when a person must adjust or adapt to the environment Good vs. bad stress Stress Reaction: Physical reaction to stress Autonomic Nervous System is aroused Short-term vs. long-term stresses
30
General Adaptation Syndrome (G.A.S.)
Alarm Reaction: Increased hormones (adrenaline, noradrenaline, and cortisol) Stage of Resistance: Bodily adjustments stabilize Symptoms of alarm reaction disappear but still using resources Stage of Exhaustion: Continuous stress leads to draining of the body’s resources and depletion of stress hormones
31
$ spent in the last week on:
1) fruits and vegetables 2) working out 3) cigarettes and alcohol 4) junk food or “fast food”
32
Death of a spouse 100 Son or daughter leaving home 29 Divorce 73 Trouble with in-laws Marital Separation 65 Outstanding Personal achievements 28 Jail term 63 Spouse begins or stops work 26 Death of a close family member Begin or end school Personal injury or illness 53 Change in living conditions 25 Marriage 50 Revision of personal habits 24 Fired at work 47 Trouble with boss 23 Marital reconciliation 45 Change in work hours or conditions 20 Change in health of family member Change in residence Retirement 44 Change in school Pregnancy 40 Change in recreation 19 Sex difficulties 39 Change in religious activities Gain of a new family member Change in social activities 18 Business readjustments Loan less than 50,000 17 Change in financial state 38 Change in sleeping habits 16 Death of a close friend 37 Change in no. of family get- togethers 15 Change to different line of work 36 Change in eating habits Change in # of arguments w spouse 35 Vacation 13 Mortgage over $ 50,000 31 Holidays 12 Foreclosure of mortgage 30 Minor violation of laws 11 Change in responsibilities at work
33
Dealing with Stress Emotion-focused coping: change emotions
Problem-focused coping: change situation Control: children 6-14 yrs, Thailand & U.S. went to a doctor's office to get a shot ran away, screamed vs. thought it was good for me had an accident and was physically hurt Clean the wound vs. try to relax a peer said unkind things Corrected them vs. thought about favorite things
Similar presentations
© 2025 SlidePlayer.com Inc.
All rights reserved.