5. Brain Structures Hindbrain Midbrain Forebrain
Functions essential to maintaining life
Medulla, pons, cerebellum
Midbrain
Connects hindbrain to forebrain
Reticular formation
Forebrain
Higher functioning (thinking, decisions, dreaming)
Thalamus, hypothalamus, cerebral cortex, amygdala

6. http://www. thepsychfiles

8. Corpus Callosum: Connects the right and left brains to allow integration of information between the brain hemispheres
Association Areas: Interpreting, integrating, and acting on info processed by other parts of the brain
Thalamus: Relay system to the cerebral cortex for most of the senses (not smell) and pain
Hypothalamus: Controls body temperature, food intake, drink, sex drive
Pituitary Gland: Stimulates or inhibits the release of hormones
Amygdala: Aggression and fear

9. Hippocampus: Memory (esp
Hippocampus: Memory (esp. moving from short term to long term), spatial navigation
Medulla: Involuntary actions, heartbeat, blood pressure, breathing, swallowing
Reticular Formation: Screens incoming sensory information, habituation, and controls arousal (being awake / alert / paying attention)
Pons: Waking and sleeping, dreams
Cerebellum: Balance, coordination, fine motor movement, learned motor skills
Nucleus Accumbens: Reward, laughter, pleasure, addiction, fear

10. Discussion
In order to save your life, one part of your brain must be removed. Which part are you willing to live without and why?

11. Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex
Frontal Lobe
Thinking, reasoning, emotions, judgment, decision-making, complex mental tasks, voluntary movement (motor cortex), and speech production (Broca’s Area)
Parietal Lobe
Interprets information from the pressure senses (somatosensory cortex: pressure, pain, touch, temperature), recognizing objects

12. Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex
Temporal Lobe
Some kinds of memory, hearing, speaking, remembering, language comprehension (Wernicke’s Area), some emotional control (includes hippocampus)
Occipital Lobe
Vision, visual perception, reading ability

13. Parietal lobe
Parietal lobe
Frontal lobe
Frontal lobe
Occipital lobe
Occipital lobe
Temporal lobe
Temporal lobe

14. Brain Damage Localization of function: parts are specialized
Ex: face blindness video
Neuroplasticity: brain can grow and change
Coma vs. “Brain dead”
Reticular formation vs. cerebral cortex

15. Looking Inside the Brain
MRI fMRI

16. Sex of a Brain
Females: lateralization, perceptual speed & reasoning, language & emotion centers
Males: spatial skills, relationship between body parts, hypothalamus

17. Endocrine System: Hormones
Chemical messages sent throughout large areas of the body
Control coordinated functions, e.g., growth, digestion, reproduction

19. Neuron Communication Action potential animation
Neurons are negatively charged in a resting state
With enough excitatory messages, sodium channels open which lets in positively charged sodium ions and positively charges the neuron
With enough charge (depolarization), the action potential (message) begins and travels down the axon, opening sodium channels along the way
Sodium channels close behind the action potential and potassium ions leave the cell
Inside of cell is restored to the resting state

20. Neuron Communication Neurotransmitter release animation
When the action potential (electrical message) reaches the terminal button, the vesicles release neurotransmitters (chemical messages) into the synaptic gap
Neurotransmitters bind to the receptors in the receiving cell, causing its sodium channels to open and begin another action potential
The neurotransmitter is broken down by enzymes in the synaptic gap or brought back into the terminal button, ending its action

21. Your Body as a Neuron
Your body: Arms (dendrites), head (cell body), face (nucleus), torso (axon), fatty layer around torso (myelin sheath), legs (axon terminal), feet (synaptic knobs), neurotransmitters shoot out of the bottom

22. Normal Neurotransmitter Action
Action potential triggers release of neurotransmitter (NT)
NT spreads message to next neuron
NT is either broken down in the synapse by enzymes or pumped back into the neuron (reuptake), ending its action

23. Nervous System Demonstration
Count your heartbeats for 10 seconds

24. Stress
Mental and physical condition that occurs when a person must adjust or adapt to the environment
Good vs. bad stress
Stress Reaction:
(Physical) ANS is aroused =  HR, BP, hormones, respiration, muscle tension;  stomach, constricts blood vessels
Short-term vs. long-term stresses

25. Very little: 0-150 Mild: 150-199 Moderate: 200-299 High: 300 or more
Death of a spouse
100
Son or daughter leaving home 29
Divorce 73
Trouble with in-laws
Marital Separation 65
Outstanding Personal achievements 28
Jail term 63
Spouse begins or stops work 26
Death of a close family member
Begin or end school
Personal injury or illness 53
Change in living conditions 25
Marriage 50
Revision of personal habits 24
Fired at work 47
Trouble with boss 23
Marital reconciliation 45
Change in work hours or conditions 20
Change in health of family member
Change in residence
Retirement 44
Change in school
Pregnancy 40
Change in recreation 19
Sex difficulties 39
Change in religious activities
Gain of a new family member
Change in social activities 18
Business readjustments
Loan less than 50,000 17
Change in financial state 38
Change in sleeping habits 16
Death of a close friend 37
Change in no. of family get- togethers 15
Change to different line of work 36
Change in eating habits
Change in # of arguments w spouse 35
Vacation 13
Mortgage over $ 50,000 31
Holidays 12
Foreclosure of mortgage 30
Minor violation of laws 11
Change in responsibilities at work
Very little: Mild: Moderate: High: 300 or more
-moderate or high = major risk of accident or illness

26. General Adaptation Syndrome (G.A.S.)
Alarm Reaction:
Increased hormones (adrenaline, noradren., & cortisol)
Stage of Resistance:
Bodily adjustments stabilize
Symptoms of alarm reaction disappear but still using resources
Stage of Exhaustion:
Continuous stress leads to draining of the body’s resources and depletion of stress hormones
Poor immune function, cardiovascular health, mood regulation, memory, decision-making

27. Stress & Disorders – An Analogy
Nervous system is overloaded when you have too much stress
Different nervous sys. can handle different amounts of stress
Each type of event creates different amounts of stress
Outcome:heart, digest, cancer, diabetes, schizophrenia, bipolar
Solution?
Sockets become overloaded when you plug in too many appliances
Different sockets can handle different amounts of energy
Each appliance uses different amounts of energy
Outcome:

28. Dealing with Stress
Imagine you are having a horrible day. You feel overwhelming negative emotions. Your stress level is extremely high. What are three things you might do to feel better?

29. Dealing with Stress Emotion-focused coping: change emotions
Problem-focused coping: change situation
Control: children 6-14 yrs, Thailand & U.S.
went to a doctor's office to get a shot
ran away, screamed vs. thought it was good for me
had an accident and was physically hurt
Clean the wound vs. try to relax
a peer said unkind things
Corrected them vs. thought about favorite things

30. Dealing with Stress
Feeling in control, exercise, positive beliefs, social support, relaxation, using your skills, helping other people, trusting others
Meditation: focus attention, block out distractions
Video: Meditation changes brain
Can change brain waves, heart rate, oxygen consumption, sweat gland activity
Increases emotional control, positive emotions, hopefulness

31. Questions about Drugs
Write down your questions about drugs