1. GV-506: Non-violence as a strategy 1. Alternative view of strategy 2. Human Needs Theory (Galtung and Burton) 3. Typology of non-violence 4. Social defense

2. Conception of Society Dominant belief: Society is an integrated system of values (value theory) Dominant belief: Society is an integrated system of values (value theory) Social contract theories: voluntary associations (Lock, Durkheim)Social contract theories: voluntary associations (Lock, Durkheim) Society is conflictual (Marx, Hobbes, Bakunin) (Conflict theory) Society is conflictual (Marx, Hobbes, Bakunin) (Conflict theory) CoercionCoercion Dominance of state over society (class structure, state structure)Dominance of state over society (class structure, state structure) State “authorita” vs. individual autonomyState “authorita” vs. individual autonomy Role of elites (Pareto and Mosca; C. Wright Mills)Role of elites (Pareto and Mosca; C. Wright Mills) Role of technocracyRole of technocracy Role of culture and cultural predisposition to violence (Galtung)Role of culture and cultural predisposition to violence (Galtung) Is social control necessary? Should it be based on violence? Is social control necessary? Should it be based on violence?

3. Human nature and an alternative perception of conflict and “human condition” Dominant conception of human nature: Evil! Aggressive! (Machiavelli, Hobbes, Morgenthau) Dominant conception of human nature: Evil! Aggressive! (Machiavelli, Hobbes, Morgenthau) Is Human nature genetically predetermined? Is Human nature genetically predetermined? Marx: human nature a social constructMarx: human nature a social construct Freud: human nature is determined by psychic and mental processes (instincts)Freud: human nature is determined by psychic and mental processes (instincts) Reshaping the discussion: focus on human needs… Reshaping the discussion: focus on human needs… Maslow and the pyramid of human needsMaslow and the pyramid of human needs Galtung: 4 classes of needs (survival, well-being, identity, freedom)Galtung: 4 classes of needs (survival, well-being, identity, freedom) Biological predispositions vs. cultural restructuring of patterns of behaviorBiological predispositions vs. cultural restructuring of patterns of behavior Universal patterns of behaviorUniversal patterns of behavior Emotions and their relation to needs: human behavior based on needsEmotions and their relation to needs: human behavior based on needs Individual needs and reference (identity) groupsIndividual needs and reference (identity) groups State survival vs. individual needsState survival vs. individual needs

4. Strategy: “Weapons are important factor in war, but not the decisive factor; it is people, not things, that are decisive” Mao. Policy governs objectives Policy governs objectives Strategy: coordination of all resources to attain the political objective Strategy: coordination of all resources to attain the political objective Resources: military, economicResources: military, economic Psychological factorsPsychological factors Elements of a strategy: Elements of a strategy: Logistical, operational, social, and technologicalLogistical, operational, social, and technological Military and psychological components of strategy. Military and psychological components of strategy.

5. Boulding’s three faces of power Threat power Threat power DeterrenceDeterrence State authority over citizensState authority over citizens Economic power Economic power Integrative power Integrative power Legitimacy, persuasion, loyaltyLegitimacy, persuasion, loyalty All three faces of power are necessary: Why? All three faces of power are necessary: Why? Examples: Soviet Union, Germany during WWII, British empire Examples: Soviet Union, Germany during WWII, British empire

6. Social defense Disarmament and peace movements Disarmament and peace movements Does disarmament makes sense?Does disarmament makes sense? An alternative policy: social defense An alternative policy: social defense Def: non-violent communal defense to external aggressionDef: non-violent communal defense to external aggression A: No regime can survive with legitimacy and passive supportA: No regime can survive with legitimacy and passive support Components of social defense: Components of social defense: Symbolic actions:Symbolic actions: Slogans, demonstrations, wearing insignia of the opposition Slogans, demonstrations, wearing insignia of the opposition Noncooperation:Noncooperation: boycotts, refusal to pay taxes, sit-ins boycotts, refusal to pay taxes, sit-ins Intervention and alternative institutions:Intervention and alternative institutions: Sabotage, establish alternative institutions Sabotage, establish alternative institutions Social defense: confrontation with cooperative solutions Social defense: confrontation with cooperative solutions

7. Conflict resolution How do we define conflict? How do we define conflict? Weberian definition of conflict: struggle over values or goals Weberian definition of conflict: struggle over values or goals Alternative theories of conflict: Burton Alternative theories of conflict: Burton Human motivation: needs, values, and interestsHuman motivation: needs, values, and interests Distinction between settlement and resolutionDistinction between settlement and resolution Conflict resolution satisfaction of needs.Conflict resolution satisfaction of needs. Galtung: Galtung: Conflicts over clearly articulated values (strategic actors)Conflicts over clearly articulated values (strategic actors) Conflicts over interests embedded in social structureConflicts over interests embedded in social structure Conflict triangleConflict triangle Impact of psychological insights Impact of psychological insights Patterns of behavior and non-rational emotionsPatterns of behavior and non-rational emotions MisperceptionsMisperceptions Role of empathy in constructive conflict resolutionRole of empathy in constructive conflict resolution Origins of international conflict Origins of international conflict Domestic vs. external factorsDomestic vs. external factors Power vs. human needsPower vs. human needs Levels of Analysis and conflict resolutionLevels of Analysis and conflict resolution Conflict management vs. conflict resolutionConflict management vs. conflict resolution