1. 3-D

2. 3-D IMAGING IN MEDICINE IS A METHOD IN WHICH A SET OF DATA IS COLLECTED FROM A 3- D OBJECT, PROCESSED BY A COMPUTER, AND DISPALAYED ON A 2-D COMPUTER MONITOR TO GIVE THE ILLUSION OF DEPTH.

3. APPLICATIONS OF 3-D IN RADIOLOGY RAD. THERAPY CRANIOFACIAL IMAGING ORTHOPEDICS NEUROSURGERY CARDIOVASCULAR SURGERY ANGIOGRAPHY MRI ENDOSCOPY (VIRTUAL)

4. RAD. THERAPY

5. CRANIO-FACIAL IMAGING

6. ORTHOPEDICS

7. ANGIOGRAPHY

8. NEUROSURGERY

9. VIRTUAL IMAGING

10. THE GENERATION OF 3-D OBJECT USING COMPUTER SOFTWARE IS CALLED MODELING

11. EXTRUSION IS A MODELING TECHNIQUE THAT GENERATES A 3-D OBJECT FROM A 2 –D PROFILE ON THE COMPUTER SCREEN.

12. EXTRUSION

13. PIXEL AREA A B A= WIDTH B= HEIGTH AREA OF THE PIXEL = A x B

14. VOXEL VOLUME A B C A= WIDTH B= HEIGTH C-DEPTH (SLICE THICKNESS) VOLUME OF THE VOXEL = A x B x C

15. DATA ACQUSITION FOR 3-D CONVENTIONAL SLICE BY SLICE VOLUME DATA ACQUSITION

16. PROBLEMS WITH CONVENTIONAL SLICE BY SLICE ACQUISITION IN 3-D GENERATION MOTION - STAIR-STEP ARTIFACT MIREGISTRATION

17. STAIR-STEP ARTIFACT

18. SEVER STAIR-STEP ARTIFACT

19. PROCESSING FOR 3-D SEGMENTATION TRESHOLDING OBJECT DELINEATION RENDERING

20. SEGMENTATION PROCESSING TECHNIQUE USED TO IDENTIFY THE STRUCTURE OF INTEREST IN A GIVEN IMAGE. IT DETERMINES WHICH VOXEL ARE PART OF THE OBJECT AND SHOULD BE DISPLAYED AND WHICH ARE NOT AND SHOULD BE DISCARDED.

21. SEGMENTATION

22. TRESHOLDING METHOD OF CLASSIFYING THE TYPES OF TISSUES REPRESENTED BY EACH OF THE VOXELS. CT NUMBER IS USED TO DETERMINE THIS.

23. TRESHOLDING (IN SEGMENTATION)

24. DELINEATION BOUNDARY EXTRACTION VOLUME EXTRACTION

25. DELINEATION

26. RENDERING 3-D IMAGE IS TRANSFORMED INTO SIMULATED 3-D IMAGE SO IT CAN BE DISPLAYED ON THE 2-D MONITOR.

27. RENDERING TECHNIQUES SURFACE RENDERING – SHADED SURFACE DISPLAY (SSD) VOLUME RENDERING

28. SURFACE RENDERING-SSD SIMPLER OF THE TWO METHODS. DISPLAYS THE IMAGE ACCORDING TO ITS CALCULATIONS OF HOW THE LIGHT RAYS WOULD BE REFLECTED TO THE VIEWERS EYES. COMPUTER CREATES INTERNAL REPRESENTATION OF SURFACES

29. ADVANTAGE OF SSD NOT MUCH COMPUTING POWER REQUIRED ONLY CONTOUR INF IS USED

30. DISADVANTAGES OF SSD INFO OF STRUCTURES INSIDE OR BEHIND THE SURFACE IS NOT DISPLAYED!!

31. SSD

32. SURGERY USING SSD

35. VOLUME RENDERING SOPHISTICATED TECHNIQUE. 3-D IMAGES HAVE BETTER QUALITY THAN IN SURFACE RENDERING. USES ENTIRE DATA SET FROM 3-D SPACE. IT REQUIRES MORE COMPUTING POWER.

36. ADVANTAGES OF VOLUME RENDERING (VR) UNLIKE SSD, VOLUME RENDERING ALLOWS SEEING THROUGH SURFACES. IT ALLOWS THE VIEWER TO SEE BOTH INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL STRUCTURES.

37. DISADVANTAGE/S IT REQUIRES GREAT COMPUTING POWER – SOPHISTICATED COMPUTER EQUIPMENT

38. VR

41. MAXIMUM INTENSITY PROJECTION VOLUME RENDERING 3-D TECHNIQUE THAT IS NOW FREQUENTLY USED IN CTA ( CT ANGIO) IT USES LESS THAN 10% OF DATA IN 3-D SPACE. IT DOES NOT NEED SOPHISTICATED COMPUTING. IT ORIGINATED IN MRA

42. MIP ALLOWS ONLY THE VOXEL WITH THE BRIGHTEST VALUE TO BE SELECTED

43. MIP CAN ALSO BE DISPLAYED IN RAPID SEQUENCE- CINE

44. ADVANTAGES OF MIP NO NEED FOR SOPHISTICATED COMPUTER HARDWARE- IT USES LESS THAN 10% OF DATA

45. DISADVANTAGE/S OF MIP ARTIFACT- STRING OF BEADS NO SUPERIMPOSED STRUCTURES DEMONSTRATION

46. MIP IN MRI

47. MIP OF THE HEAD???

48. MIP

50. COMPARISON OF 3-D TECHNIQUES

51. DEPICTION OF 3-D RELATIONSHIP IN 3-D TECHNIQUES SSD – GOOD MIP – FAIR VR - GOOD

52. EDGE DELINEATION SSD – GOOD MIP – GOOD VR - FAIR

53. VESSEL LUMEN DEPICTION SSD – NO MIP – 1 PIXEL THICK VR - YES

54. % OF DATA USED SSD - < 10% MIP < 10% VR UP TO 100%

55. ARTIFACTS SSD – MANY FALSE SURFACES MIP – MIP ARTIFACT VR - FEW

56. CT WORKSTATION

57. 3-D WORKSTATION FEATURES MPR- MULTIPLANAR RECONSTRUCTION TRANSPARENCY VISUALIZATION SURFACE RENDERING SLICE PLANE MAPPING SLICE CUBE CUTS MIP 4-D ANGIO DISARTICULATION VIRTUAL REALITY

58. MPR

59. TRANSPARENCY

60. CUBE SLICE CUT

61. 4-D

62. DISARTICULATION

63. VIRTUAL REALITY