1. Chapter 11 The Circulatory System
Part D

2. Arterial Supply of the Brain
Internal carotid arteries divide into
Anterior and middle cerebral arteries
These arteries supply most of the cerebrum
Vertebral arteries join once within the skull to form the basilar artery
Basilar artery serves the brain stem and cerebellum

3. Arterial Supply of the Brain
Posterior cerebral arteries form from the division of the basilar artery
These arteries supply the posterior cerebrum

4. Circle of Willis
Anterior and posterior blood supplies are united by small communicating arterial branches
Result—complete circle of connecting blood vessels called cerebral arterial circle or circle of Willis

5. Arterial Supply of the Brain
Figure 11.13

6. Fetal Circulation
Fetus receives exchanges of gases, nutrients, and wastes through the placenta
Umbilical cord contains three vessels
Umbilical vein—carries blood rich in nutrients and oxygen to the fetus
Umbilical arteries (2)—carry carbon dioxide and debris-laden blood from fetus to placenta

7. Fetal Circulation
Blood flow bypasses the liver through the ductus venosus and enters the inferior vena cava  right atrium of heart
Blood flow bypasses the lungs
Blood entering right atrium is shunted directly into the left atrium through the foramen ovale
Ductus arteriosus connects the aorta and pulmonary trunk (becomes ligamentum arteriosum at birth)

8. Fetal Circulation
Ductus venosus – bypasses liver to heart → R atrium → foramen ovale opens to L atrium → blood that gets into R ventricle → pulmonary trunk → ductus arteriosus → aorta & pulmonary trunk connected → systemic circulation → placenta
At birth:
Foramen ovale closes
Ductus arteriosus collapses
Revert to normal circulation

9. Quick Check!!
17. Through what organ does the fetus receive gases & nutrients:
A. umbilical arteries
B. ductus arteriosus
C. uterus
D. placenta

10. Fetal Circulation

11. Quick Check!!
18. Blood entering the fetal right atrium is shunted directly into the left atrium through the:
A. ductus arteriosus
B. ductus venosus
C. foramen ovale
D. fossa ovalis

12. Hepatic Portal Circulation
Veins of hepatic portal circulation drain
Digestive organs
Spleen
Pancreas
Hepatic portal vein carries this blood to the liver
Liver helps maintain proper glucose, fat, and protein concentrations in blood

13. Hepatic Portal Circulation
Major vessels of hepatic portal circulation
Inferior and superior mesenteric veins
Splenic vein
Left gastric vein

14. Hepatic Portal Circulation
Figure 11.16

15. Hepatic Portal Circulation
Figure 11.14

16. Quick Check!! 19. What does the hepatic portal vein deliver blood to?
A. liver
B. spleen
C. intestines
D. pancreas

17. Pulse Pulse – pressure wave of blood
Monitored at “pressure points” where pulse is easily palpated
70-76 beats/minute
Figure 11.16

18. Pulse

19. Blood Pressure
Measurements by health professionals are made on the pressure in large arteries
Systolic – pressure at the peak of ventricular contraction
Diastolic – pressure when ventricles relax
Write systolic pressure first and diastolic last (120/80 mm Hg)
Pressure in blood vessels decreases as the distance away from the heart increases

20. Comparison of Blood Pressures in Different Vessels
Figure 11.19

21. Quick Check!!! 20. The lowest blood pressure would be found in the:
A. aorta
B. arteries
C. capillaries
D. veins
E. vena cava

22. BP – pressure blood exerts against inner wall of vessels
Systolic: 120 mmHg
Diastolic: 80 mmHg
Ascultatory – use stethoscope to listen to brachial artery

23. Measuring Arterial Blood Pressure
Figure 11.20a

24. Measuring Arterial Blood Pressure
Figure 11.20b

25. Measuring Arterial Blood Pressure
Figure 11.20c

26. Measuring Arterial Blood Pressure
Figure 11.20d

27. Blood Pressure: Effects of Factors
BP is blood pressure
BP is affected by age, weight, time of day, exercise, body position, emotional state
CO is the amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per minute
PR is peripheral resistance, or the amount of friction blood encounters as it flows through vessels
Narrowing of blood vessels and increased blood volume increases PR

28. Blood pressure = cardiac output x peripheral resistance
(cardiac output = stroke volume x heart rate)

29. 21. The amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per minute:
A. BP
B. CO
C. PR
D. HR

30. Blood Pressure: Effects of Factors
Neural factors
Autonomic nervous system adjustments (adrenal medulla -sympathetic division) – constricts vessels causing ↑ PR (peripheral resistance)
Atherosclerosis causes ↑ PR
Renal factors
Regulation by altering blood volume
↑ volume or viscosity causes ↑ PR
Urinate water to ↓ PR
Renin – enzyme produced by kidneys
Renin → angiotensis II → vasoconstriction

31. Blood Pressure: Effects of Factors
Temperature
Heat has a vasodilation effect
Cold has a vasoconstricting effect
Chemicals
Various substances can cause increases or decreases
Epinephrine ↑ heart rate & BP
Nicotine ↑ BP
Alcohol & histamines ↓BP & cause vasodilation
Diet

32. Factors Determining Blood Pressure
Figure 11.21

33. Variations in Blood Pressure
Human normal range is variable
Normal
140–110 mm Hg systolic
80–75 mm Hg diastolic
Hypotension
Low systolic (below 110 mm Hg)
Often associated with illness
Hypertension
High systolic (above 140 mm Hg)
Can be dangerous if it is chronic

34. Capillary Exchange Substances exchanged due to concentration gradients
Oxygen and nutrients leave the blood
Carbon dioxide and other wastes leave the cells

35. Capillary Exchange: Mechanisms
Direct diffusion across plasma membranes – into interstitial fluid
Endocytosis or exocytosis – lipid insoluble substances
Some capillaries have gaps (intercellular clefts)
Plasma membrane not joined by tight junctions
Fenestrations of some capillaries
Fenestrations = pores