1. ILLEGAL IMMIGRATION & TRANSNATIONAL ORGANIZED CRIME RELATIONS
Oğuzhan Ömer Demir, Ph.D.
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2. Outline Migration types and illegal immigration
Illegal immigration and countries
Illegal immigration & organized crime nexus
Migrant smuggling
Human trafficking
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3. Migration Types Geography; Reason; Duration; Size; Statute;
International-Domestic
Reason;
Forced-Voluntary
Duration;
Short-term-Long-term
Size;
Individual-Family-Mass
Statute;
Legal-Illegal
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4. Illegal Immigration
Migrating to another country without having legal documentation and permissions
Illegal entry, exit, or stay
Illegal work without any social security
Why?
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6. World’s Population Trends (2000-2030)
-4.7%
-5%
-3.2%
20.1%
33.9%
82.5%
%38.7
25.9%
18%
Developing Countries
Population Increase rate 33%
(From 6 billion to 8 billion)
Developed Countries
Potential Migration Routes

7. Migration Trends 22 million people “on the move” any time
2.5 million illegal immigrants live in EU
12 million illegal immigrants lives in USA
1.5 million Syrian asylum-seekers are existed
2.5 million Afghan asylum-seekers live in Pakistan; 2.4 million in İran
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8. Migration Trends
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9. Migration Routes
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10. Advantages of Migration
For target countries;
Need for Cheap Labor and Young Population
Brain Drain
Need for International Support
For source countries;
Money Transfers; 450 Billion Dollar remittances
Returns; Knowledge, Vision, Skills, Contacts-Networks
Diaspora; Political Support
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11. Disadvantages of Illegal Migration
Movements
For transit and target countries;
Living population of undocumented & temporary illegal migrants
Political pressure from the West
Deportation procedures and damage on state budget
Existence of organize crime networks
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12. Nexus between Illegal Migration
& Organized Crime
Illegal Immigration
Migrant Smuggling
Human Trafficking
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13. Human Trafficking “Modern Day Slavery”
The recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person,
For the purpose of “exploitation”.
Exploitation includes, sexual exploitation, forced labor or services, slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude or the removal of organs.
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14. Human Trafficking
Girls-women are “illegally” transported to other countries by deceit;
Boys-girls-women are forced to “move” from one place to another
Transported people are forced to “work” in illegal status
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15. Human Trafficking
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16. Migrant Smuggling “Human Cargo”
The procurement, in order to obtain, directly or indirectly, a financial or other material benefit, of the illegal entry of a person into a country of which the person is not a national or a permanent resident
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17. Migrant Smuggling Migrants are transported via sea or land vehicles
Smugglers provide “forged or falsified travel documents”
Smugglers provide “accommodation” facilities within a country
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18. Migrant Smuggling
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19. Migrant Smuggling
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20. Differences & Similarities
MIGRANT SMUGGLING
Force
Human Rights Abuses
Illegal Entry-Stay
Exploitation
Illegal Work
Human Trafficking
International Transportation

21. Conclusion
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22. Illegal Immigration & Organized Crime
Illegal Immigrants are regarded as “non-criminals”
Illegal Immigrants may turn to be “victims” of trafficking
Illegal Immigration movements usually ends in loss, damage and disappointment
Illegal immigrants are usually captured and/or deported
Smuggers/traffickers are “criminals”
Smugglers/traffickers, though, make huge profits
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27. Oğuzhan Ömer Demir, Ph.D. oodemir@egm.gov.tr
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