1. Patricia Engel & Katja Sterflinger
Ethylene Oxide Residues in Fumigated Books - a First Result of the Project Men and Books :
EU grant /
Patricia Engel & Katja Sterflinger

2. In every archive/library in Europe we find - microorganisms - acidic paper - ink corrosion - vegetabil tanned leather Horn I conference 2011 confirmed the need for research in these subjects and defined even more urgent research subjects

3. Mould on paper, leather, siels, etc.

4. Reasons New infestation Old infestation Environment not clean enough
Environment too wet
Environment too warm
Microclimate
Old infestation

5. Recommendation for the museum/library/archive
Good, i.e. individual house keeping policy
Stop sorce: Renovation of building / wet areas etc.
Cleaning of books by conservators or staff advised by conservators (health and safety measures!)
Repacking
Regular control in future - climate monitoring etc.

6. Active measures Dry cleaning (HEPA Filter) Alcohol Gamma rays
Energy
Ethylene oxide
But ethylene oxide treatment of paper is not allowed anymore in the EU since 1st September 2006.
from 1st September 2013 on EO may only be used according to Article 56 of the BPR (research and development)
If the use of EO as book fumigant on a regular basis is intended, ethylene oxide has to be included in. Annex I of the BPD and authorised as biocidal product first.

7. I Questions in this project
Does EO stay in the books, if so how long?
Does off fuming dose pose a risk in readers?
Did EO kill the mold?
Did EO damage the material?

8. Compilation of Publications on Ethyleneoxide in Paper Conservation
Hanus, J., Mináriková, J., Ďurovič, M., Bacílková, B.: Influence of ethylene oxide fumigation on some properties of different types of paper. La Conservation: Une Science en evolution - Bilan et Perspectives. Actes des troisiémes journées internationales d'études de l'ARSAG, Paris, April 1997, p
Hanus, J., Richardin, P., Bonnassies-Termes, S.: Influence of ethylene oxide sterilisation on some photographic papers. ICOM Committee for Conservation, 12th Triennial Meeting Lyon, 29 August - 3 September 1999, Preprints Volume II, p
Hanus, J.: Determination of residual ethylene oxide and its desorption from different types of sterilized papers. Final Report. Centre de Recherches sur la Conservation des Documents Graphiques, Paris 1998, 100 p.
Richardin, P., Hanus, J., Bonnassies-Termes, S.: Rétention de l'oxyde d'ethylene dans les documents graphiques et photographiques désinfectés. Colloque Huilles essentielles et conservation des oeuvres d'art. Musée National des Arts et Traditions Populaires, Paris, 2-3 décembre Abstracts of presentations, p. 11.
Hanus, J., Richardin, P., Bonnassies-Termes, S., Ďurovič, M., Kubelka, V.: Comparison of two different methods by head space gas chromatography for determination of residual ethylene oxide in sterilized papers. ICOM Committee for Conservation, 12th Triennial Meeting Lyon, 29 August - 3 September 1999, Preprints Volume II, p
Diplomarbeit Wien
Flavia Pinzari, Katja Sterflinger, The revenge of time: fungal deterioration of cultural heritage with particular reference to books, paper and parchmentemi. Environmental Microbiology (2011)
Christina Meier; Karin Petersen: Schimmelpilze auf Papier. Ein Handbuch fur Restauratoren, biologische Grundlagen, Erkennung, Behandlung und Pravention, Tonning [a. o.]: Der Andere Verlag, 2006
Manufacturers Association, 27-38, pp , HIMA Report No. 80-4, 1980
of ethylene oxide, Proceedings of the Educational Seminar, Washington DC, Health Industries
Abrahams, R.H. Recent studies with workers exposed to ethylene oxide, in: Jorkasky J.F., ed., Safe use
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Characterisation
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9. Report by Prof. Dr. habil. A. Strzelczyk Torun
April – Aug. 1994
346,2 meter in total (261,2 m, 85 m in foulders, 13m notes)
The following measures were taken:
1. sources of damage were analysed,
The books were stored in wet/very humid conditions
The books were dusty, there are spores in the dust, a risk for human health
10 years ago (1984) the books were brought to dry rooms, but due to tight packing they dryed slowly
Humidiy and temperature were measured in 50 books in Junly 1994, the rH was between 59 and 71 and the Temp. Between 19,5 and 23,4^C
The humidity of the air in the room was between % and the temperatureat 22,6 Centigrades
2. 9 books and 15 groups of archival documents were selected according to various criteria (sort of damage, ,aterial composition, content) and model restoration was made,
3. Microorganisms were analysed by microscopic observation directly on the books or in complicated cases on growth medium. The following species were found: Streptomyces, Geotrichum, Chaetomium, Acremoniella, Stachybotrys, Epicoccum, Stemphylium, Botrytis. Streptomyces and Geotrichum were found more often.
4. the entire collection plus the 9 books and 15 groups of archival material was packed and prepared for desinfection
Chamber for 20 m3, 10 kg Petrox, 5 days fumigation, then airwashing until EO detector did not show EO any more
The rooms were desinfected with 2% Aseptin M solution and treatment repeated after 10 days
5. Fumigation with 90% EO and 10% CO2 (Petrox gas)
6. books were air washed and climatized,
In Swidnica
7. dust and microorganism spores were removed from the books in Sept (after the report was written)
8. the effectivity of the desinfection was evaluated (report Nov. 1994)

10. 15 years later 2009 in Ossolineum
alle alten Drucke (Signaturgruppe SD) und
Handschriften (Signaturgruppe R)
begast worden.
„2010 durch Adam Wilga, der eine solche Begasungskammer erfunden hat, die übrigen Bücher begast 
(Signaturen 1,2,8000).“
„Wenn es um die Signaturen geht, nach denen Sie gefragt haben, handelt es sich um fortlaufende Signaturen
(gemäß Katalog Dr. Górski).“
Waiting for data from Ossolineum

11. MEN AND BOOKS For the selection of books several parameters were relevant: (1) moment of fumigation (17 fumigated in 2009, 11 fumigated in 2010) (2) material composition (11 printed books, 7 ms iron gall ink, 10 modern dye ink, 15 leather involved, 3 parchment involved, 11 textile involved, all book blocks paper of their time) (3) age of the book (2 18th cent., 12 from 19th cent. Rest 20th cent.) (4) size of book (folio to octav) The books for ethylene oxide measurement were chosen aiming to get a representative average of all these features. This is especially important when it comes to transfer data into application Europe-wide and on an “average archive” at the end of the project. 28 volumes bound in leather, parchment, paper and textiles, dating from the 18th, 19th and 20th century, thus representing also different sorts of paper as book block, ranging from folio to quart were selected by the Parish in Swidnica and brought to the European Research Centre for Book and Paper Conservation-Restoration in Horn. There these books were put into a chamber of inert synthetic material of 1 qm volume and stored under closed conditions for 60 days at 20 °C and 50%rel. H.  

12. Books brought to Horn off gasing measured

13. Two different analysis methods were chosen to detect the off gassing ethylene oxide, a digital handheld device, Dräger X-am 5000, which turned out to be too rough (measuring range ppm, resolution 0.5 ppm, smallest possible detection 1 ppm; expected concentration below) and a GC/FID. For the later the measurement was passive with ORSA-tubes filled with activated carbon. The measurement lasted for 336 hours. Then the tubes were taken out, closed and sent to gas chromatography. The analysis was made with GC/FID with retention time catalogues and quantification via external calibration function. This standard working instruction is a modified NIOSH Working conditions: Gaschromatograph “Doppelsäulengerät Sichromat 1-4”; Injektion: split/splitless; 2.5µL splitted auf 2 wide-bore colums, 250°C, Colums: 30 m OPTIMA-WAX; 0.53 mm * 1.0 µm and 30 m OPTIMA 1; 0.53 mm *1.0 µm, Both detectors FID (250°C), Carrier gas Nitrogen: 2.5 mL/min, burning gas synth. air: 300 mL/min, Hydrogen: 25 mL/min, stove temperature 45°C isotherm 10 min, 45°C to 180°C in 5°C/min; 180°C isotherm 13 min, 180°C to 200°C in 10°C/min, 200°C isotherm 13 min. The method is based on the international method NIOSH 1612 ( iosh/docs/ /pdfs/1612.pdf)

14. Umweltbundesamt About Material
Takes the influence via inhalation for the gratest risk
Not so much touching
Not so much oral
About Material
I suggest to add several book blocks to the fumigation of dummies, as to have more substance to catch the EO gas possibly and get more realistic and controlled measurement for our conclusions.

15. Workflow Dummies Dummy A 1 Dummy A 2 Dummy A 3 Dummy A 4 Dummy A 5
Nach der Herstellung direkt für Ethylenoxidbegasung ohne Zwischenschritte
Nach der Herstellung direkt für Mikroorganismen
beimpfung ohne Zwischenschritte
Referenz
Nach der Herstellung direkt für Alterung
Dummy A 5
Dummy A 6
Dummy A 7
Dummy A8
Alterung
Referenz
Alterung Weiter zur Ethylenoxid
begasung
Weiter zur Mikro
Organismen
beimpfung
Dummy A2
Dummy A3
Dummy A 7
Dummy A 8
Direkt vom ERC
kommend zum
Beimpfen
Beiter zum
Ethylenoxid
begasen
Von der TU Graz kommend zum Beimpfen
Referenz
Von der TU Graz kommend zum Beimpfen Weiter zum Ethylen
oxid
Dummy A 1
Dummy A 3
Dummy A 6
Dummy 8
Kommt direkt aus dem ERC ohne Vorbehandlung
Ist nicht gealtert, sondern
Nur
beimpft
Kommt direkt aus der TU Graz
Ist nur gealtert
Kommt von der
BOKU ist gealtert
Und beimpft

16. Suggestion book block for more volume!

17. Aims ERC took over in the project:
- measuring off-gassing ethylene oxide
- evaluation of toxicity(Umweltbundesamt)
- provide dummies
- analysis of the parchment&leather
- interpretation of analyse-data
- development of guidelines for the restoration
- develop recommendations for the handling of mouldy heritage&handling of ethylene oxide-fumigated heritage on paper, parchment and leather
- suggestions of alternative methods to disinfect mouldy written/printed heritage
- disseminate the project results (website, journals, etc.)
- organise the joint exhibition in coop. with the other partners
- organise the final conference in coop. with P5.
- organise the publication material in coop. with the partners (translation, distribution, etc.)
- distribution of results: professional journals, special meetings, conference, webpage, movable exhibition for specialists
& laymen, local newspapers, TV, radio, underlining the benefit of EU funding; ERASMUS-students
- workshops beyond project runtime

18. Next steps Work flow Graz BOKU Ossolineum
Shrinkage Temperature Measurement
Graz: Paper tests
Umweltbundesamt Results
BOKU results on fungi
Question: is the paper more disposed to new attack by the ethylene Oxide treatment or not?

19. HW Step 6 together with ICARUS:
Digitization(50000 files) of the material for research work in the project & making it accessible for all on the internet
Start on 11th March 2013

20. Acknowlegement
For the information about the books: Bozena Pytel, Reverend Waldemar Pytel, Sonja Stankowski, Dr. Stephan Aderhold
Umweltbundesamt: Dr. Elisabeth Fassold, DI Isabel Peißl, Dr. Maximilian Kinzl, Dr. Martin Paparella
Dräger Safety AG & Co. KGaA: Thomas Krebs and Dr. Dirk Rahn-Marx
ERC: Shirin Jacoby, Bogna Gorniak, Marta Cieplinska, Cristina Cicero