1. Human Factors in Product Design
Myung Hwan Yun
Department of Industrial Engineering
Pohang University of Science and Technology

11. Purchasing Point of Product
Introduction
Purchasing Point of Product
Product Usability Evaluation
Method
Human Interface Element
Measurement Technique
Performance
Cost
Image & Impression
Which product do we purchase?
과거에는 제품의 성능이나 가격이 전자제품의 주요 구매 요건이었으나, 최근에는 전자제품의 성능이나 가격 못지않게 제품으로부터 느끼는 감성이 중요한 구매요건으로 작용하고 있습니다.
그러므로, 소비자의 감성을 평가하는 방법과 제품의 감성에 영향을 주는 설계요소를 파악하는 체계적인 방법에 대한 연구의 필요성이 중요시되고 있습니다.
Satisfaction

12. Emerging Paradigm of Product Development - Ergonomics in a New Product Design-
Concurrent engineering/Cross-functional team (Andreasen et. al., 1987)
Strong emphasis is on
efficiency and performance
ease of design
materials/parts cost
manufacturing requirement
Ignored
customer needs
potential demand
effectiveness of design
product usability (Roozenburg and Ekels, 1995)

13. Identification of Customer Needs
Needs 와 Product는 독립
Functional specification이 Product에 의존
Identification of the need
The most important part of product development
related to the conceptual design, design selection, competitive benchmarking
Importance of customer needs를 파악한다해도
systematic implementation to the design process은 어려움

14. Identification of Needs - Series of Ergonomic Analysis-
Expert Ergonomists Evaluates the Product
Matrix analysis
Human characteristics
Product functions,
Human-product interface
Ideas
New product ideas
New product functions
Design improvements

15. New Paradigm for Product Development

16. Concept of Product Evaluation
Objects for evaluation
and measurement
사용편의성 평가 실험은 보시는 바와 같이 주어진 제품에 대하여 전문가가 제품을 구성하고 있는 여러 요소들의 특성을 측정하는 부분과 소비자가 제품의 감성을 평가하는 부분으로 구성되어 있습니다.
이 실험을 통하여 얻어지는 제품 측정 데이터와 평가 데이터는 평가 모형을 구축하는데 사용하거나, 소비자의 평가 경향이나 특정 사용편의성 요소와 관련된 제품의 설계 요소를 파악하는 자료로도 활용할 수 있습니다.
Customer
evaluation
Measurement of
product characteristics
Product Evaluation

17. Systematic Design Process
Transforming
consumer needs and potential demands
to design/function
Various models included
Hierarchical Analysis
QFD
AHP, MADM

18. Usability Evaluation Technique
Usability Dimension of Consumer Electronic Product (Han et al, 1998)
Image & Impression Dimension
Performance Dimension
Developing A/V Measurement Checklist
최근에는 A/V제품의 사용편의성 요소를 감성요소와 수행도 요소로 분류하고 그 요소들로 소비자의 감성을 설명하는 새로운 접근방식이 제기된 바 있습니다. 이 연구에서는 A/V제품의 체크리스트를 개발하고 중회귀분석을 통하여 사용편의성 요소와 제품 설계요소 간의 관계를 파악하는 연구를 진행하였습니다.

19. Human Characteristics Variable
About 150 Items on the list
Hierarchically Classified
Used as a checklist to evaluate the product

20. Performance Measurements(II)
Quality of the resultant task output
Subjective performance satisfaction
Multiplicity
Time Delay
Complexity
Visual
Physiological
Bio-Electric
System response delay time
Acknowledgment delay time
Relative system delay
Relative task length
User input
Task length
Mode switch
System errors
Rating
Eyelid activity
Pupillary dialation
Eye movement
GSR(Galvanic Skin Resistance)
Heart rate
Respiration volume and rate
EKG(Electrocardiogram)
EMG(Electromyogram)
EEG(Electroencephalogram)
ECP(Evoked Cortical Potentials)
Body temperature
Blood presure
Task
Subjective
Interface
44 items

21. Image and Impression Measurements
Semantic Differentials
DL Scale
Paired Comparison Scale
Equisection Scale
Ratio Production/Estimation
Magnitude Production/Estimation
Simple Rating Scale
Likert’s Summated Rating scale
Repertory Grids
Favorable/unfavorable user comments
Good/bad features recalled by users
Frustrations/satisfactions
Pleasantness/unpleasantness
Absolute scale
Ratio Scale
Partition Scale
Confusion Scale
Verbal Reports
User Comments
& Opinions
ECP(Evoked Cortical Potentials)
Bio-electric
EEG(Electroencephalogram)
EMG(Electromyogram)
ECG or EKG(Electrocardiogram)
Visual
Pupillary Dialation
Eyelid Activity
Eye Movement
Physiological
GSR(Galvanic Skin Resistance)
Respiration Volume and Rate
Heart Rate
Body Temperature
Blood Pressure
Psychophysical
Descriptive
26 items

22. Performance Measurements(I)
Task completion time
Time spent in errors
User delay time
Time to search the specific commands
Performance Measurements(I)
Time to learn specific functions
Time spent using help or documentation
Number of tasks completed per unit time
Frequency of errors
Frequency of failed tasks
Task
Subjective
Interface
Physiological
Speed
Frequency of losing control of the system
Number of out-of-tolerance condition
Number of times interface misleads the user
Number of repetitions of failed commands
Frequency of requests for help information
Ratio of task completion and error-free time
Ratio of successes to failures
Accuracy
User idleness
Relative user delay
Number of commands used to perform task
Percentage of functions learned
Number of available commands not invoked
Efficiency

23. High Touch is a Systematic Approach - Trend Analysis -

24. High Touch는 시스템적 접근 - Functional Transitivity -

25. Relationship Matrix Analysis :Activity vs. Human Characteristics
(number of dots : number of Ideas)

26. 아이디어 실습

27. 아이디어 창출 쉽고 ! 간단하게! 많은 수로 (한 주에 1500-2000개) 판단은 나중에 다른 사람의 생각에 기초하여
주제에 초점을 맞추어
한번에 한 사람씩
시각적으로 표현(Visual (idea, posted, arranged))

28. Product Function – Washing Machine
Hierarchically Classified
Functional Breakdown of the product

29. Matrix Analysis A QFD matrix
Human Characteristics vs. Product Function
152 X 126 cells
Based on the question
“Can there be a new product function satisfying human characteristics X in the product variable Y ?”

30. Measures Of Design Quality
Number of component parts and product options
Percentage of standard parts
Use of existing manufacturing resources
Cost of first production run
First six months cost of engineering changes
First year cost of field service repair
Total product cost
Total product sales
Sustainable development

31. Quality Function Deployment (QFD)
Translates the “voice of the customer” into technical design requirements
Displays requirements in matrix diagrams
First matrix called “house of quality”
Series of connected houses

32. 6. Technical assessment and
House Of Quality
5. Tradeoff
matrix
3. Product
characteristics
Importance
1. Customer
requirements
4. Relationship
matrix
2. Competitive
assessment
6. Technical assessment and
target values

33. Series Of QFD Houses

34. Benefits Of QFD Promotes better understanding of customer demands
Promotes better understanding of design interactions
Involves manufacturing in the design process
Breaks down barriers between functions and departments
Focuses the design effort
Fosters teamwork
Improves documentation of the design and development process
Provides a database for future designs
Increases customer satisfaction
Reduces the number of engineering changes
Brings new designs to the market faster
Reduces the cost of design and manufacture

35. Design For Robustness Product can fail due to poor design quality
Products subjected to many conditions
Robust design studies
controllable factors - under designer’s control
uncontrollable factors - from user or environment
Designs products for consistent performance

36. Consistency Is Important
Consistent errors are easier to correct than random errors
Parts within tolerances may yield assemblies which aren’t
Consumers prefer product characteristics near their ideal values

37. Potential Functions Considered

38. The Working Prototype
9 functions selected
combination pulsator
pulsator elevation
ergonomic handle grip
power door,
self-cleaning tub
sloped display panel
personal wash program,
tub lighting,
washing progress display
Evaluated to be very successful

39. The Production Model
adopted combination pulsator, ergonomic handle grip design, sloped display, new rinsing tool and wash habit programming
In the first six month, the total sales was $ 20 million
increased the market share of the company from 34% to 42%

40. High Touch - Hit Product-
KOBO
Net Profit $ 100 million
(1990)
AI Remocon
Good Response in Market
(1989)
Hand-Wash Washing M/C
M/S : 8% increase in 3 months
(1995)
Elevator Microwave Oven
Top M/S in Korea
(1995)
Double Compressor Refrigerator
Good Response in Market
(1996)
UF-Type Water Purifier
Best Seller Product
in Korea (1996)

41. High Touch - Recent Efforts-
Elevator
Microwave Oven
Double Deck VCR
Hand-Wash
Washing M/C
Pyramid VCR
Hands-Free
Camcorder
UF-Type
Water Purifier
Double Compressor
Refrigerator
Movable
Air Conditioner

42. CONCLUSION
Ergonomic method successfully applied in home appliances product
Ergonomics can be efficient and helpful
in the new product development
Major manufacturers in Korea adopted similar approach
New Product Design
human capabilities
physical limits
personal habits
cultural characteristics
individual preferences
Competitive Advantage
Personalized products
Consumer taste
Tailored functions

43. Lessons Learned - Ergonomists in Product Development -
Involve Early in the Development Process
Use Process Planning
Approval from the Management
Documentation
Establish a Formal Process
Budget
Schedule
Reporting
Don’t be afraid to Fight
It is very easy to Do Nothing