1. IT AND TRANSLATION
INTRODUCTION

2. Rationale for IT Applications to Translation
“A computer is a device that can be used to magnify human productivity. Properly used, it does not dehumanize by imposing its own Orwellian stamp on the products of human spirit ……….
………..Translation is a fine and exacting art, but there is much about it that is mechanical and routine, if this were given over to a machine, the productivity of the translator would not only be magnified but this work would become more rewarding, more exciting, more human.”
Martin Kay (1987)

3. COURSE OVERVIEW ESSENTIALS TEXT PROCESSING MT TM WORKING WITH CORPORA
TERMINOLOGY EXTRACTION AND GLOSSARY PRODUCTION (MONOLINGUAL AND BILINGUAL CORPORA)

4. COURSE OVERVIEW - DETAILS
1) ESSENTIALS:
Types of computer aides
CAT vs. MT
History of CAT tools
General principles of working with CAT tools
Reference materials
Localization and internationalization
UNIX
SOME OF THIS TODAY!

5. COURSE OVERVIEW - DETAILS
2) TEXT PROCESSING
Word and WordPad (tips and tricks)
Fonts, code pages, keyboard layout, language tools in Windows XP and Office
Speech recognition software
Scanning
OCR
File types (essential info on the most common file types and file conversion utilities)

6. COURSE OVERVIEW - DETAILS
3) MT
How it works, brief exhibition:
Systran Pro
Prompt
Neuro Tran
Babelfish
DESKTOP BASED
SUPPORTS CROATIAN (partially Serbian)
WEB BASED

7. COURSE OVERVIEW - DETAILS
4) TM:
Overview (what it is, standards and file formats)
Desktop vs. server based TM programs
WinAlign
WordFast
Trados (nowadays SDL Trados) – Freelance edition
Sisulizer

8. COURSE OVERVIEW - DETAILS
5) WORKING WITH CORPORA
Essentials
Concordancing (WordSmith, Concordancer, AntConc)
Advanced corpora analysis: WordSmith, TigerSearch
Lemmatization and annotation
Parallel corpora: ParaConc

9. COURSE OVERVIEW - DETAILS
6) TERMINOLOGY EXTRACTION AND GLOSSARY PRODUCTION
Essentials
Doing it automatically: Trados (i.e. SDL) MultiTerm (Desktop and Extract)
Doing it semi-automatically: ParaConc, Concordancer

10. COURSE REQUIREMENTS Basic computer literacy Positive outlook:
Computers don’t bite
CAT tools are not complex, they are actually made to make you more efficient
Interest in translation
Willingness to become several times more efficient in doing translations

11. SCHEDULE HONESTLY, WE DON’T KNOW FOR CERTAIN!
THAT’S WHY WE NEED YOUR ADDRESSES, SO THAT WE CAN KEEP YOU UPDATED WITH THE LATEST SCHEDULE DEVELOPMENTS
PROBABLY: LOCATION: 25 (lectures) and 38 (computer lab), SATURDAYS, at16:00 O’CLOCK

12. LITERATURE
Geoffrey Samuelsson-Brown, A Practical Guide for Translators (Topics in Translation), Multilingual Matters, 4th edition (May 28, 2004)
H. L. Somers (Editor), Computers and Translation: A Translator's Guide (Benjamins Translation Library, 35), John Benjamins Publishing Co, 1st edition (May 2003)
Bert Esselink, A Practical Guide to Localization (Language International World Directory), John Benjamins Publishing Co, Revised 1st edition (September 2000)
Silvia Pavel and Diane Nolet, Handbook of Terminology, Translation Bureau of Canada, 1st edition (2001)
Frank Austermuhl, Electronic Tools for Translators (Translation Practices Explained), St. Jerome, 1st edition, (April 2001)

13. COURSE OVERVIEW - GRADING
This is a hands-on course
You will be graded on the basis of the results of your practical assignments:
Creating TMs from parallel texts (fiction and non-fiction e.g. a book and a manual) – in a way, you will be also creating a parallel corpus
Translating two short passages (fiction and non-fiction) using your newly created TMs

14. ESSENTIALS AND MORE ABOUT THE COURSE
IT AND TRANSLATION
ESSENTIALS AND MORE ABOUT THE COURSE

15. TYPES OF COMPUTER AIDES
Computer aides / tools that are relevant to translators can be roughly classified into three groups:
Basic input and editing tools
Reference tools
Productivity tools
WORD PROCESSORS
Electronic books (desktop & web) Electronic dictionaries
Web (Eurodicautom, onelook, etc.) Software-based reference materials (encyclopedias, e-Bible, etc.)
TM tools
MT tools
Speech Technology (i.e. voice recognition)

16. CAT vs MT
As soon as you start using computer software in the process of translating, you are entering the realm of COMPUTER-AIDED TRANSLATION, or CAT in short.
In other words, CAT is a form of translation wherein a human translator translates texts using computer software designed to support and facilitate the translation process.

17. CAT vs MT (continued)
The problem is that COMPUTER-AIDED TRANSLATION, is sometimes also called COMPUTER-ASSISTED TRANSLATION, MACHINE-AIDED TRANSLATION or MACHINE-ASSISTED TRANSLATION.
Due to the latter two terms, CAT is sometimes confused with MACHINE TRANSLATION, or MT in short.

18. CAT vs MT (continued)
Although these two concepts are related and similar in some aspects, CAT and MT denote two diametrically different processes:
In CAT, the computer program merely supports the translator, so the translator translates the text himself/herself, making all the essential decisions involved.
In MT, the translator supports the machine, that is to say: the computer (i.e. program) translates the text, which is then edited by the translator, or, in most cases, not edited at all.

19. Translation Technology Continuum
CAT vs MT (continued)
Graphically represented, the difference is:
Translation Technology Continuum
automation
human involvement
Computer-aided
Translation (CAT)
Automatic
Translation/
Machine Translation
Unaided
Translation
Translation process
automated by use of
Machine Translation
Translation process aided by electronic tools such as (most typically) Translation Memory
Translation process
not aided by any
electronic tools
Adapted from Hutchins & Somers (1992)

20. CAT – its scope
WRONG!!!
CAT is traditionally associated with large-scale / corporate translations:
manuals and technical documentation
software localization
“Typewriter-assisted” (i.e. traditional) translation is usually associated with small-scale / individual translations (done by freelancers):
fiction books, scientific papers, etc.

21. CAT – its scope (continued)
This is notion of CAT being restricted to corporate translation projects dates back to the 90s and is based exclusively on financial criteria:
during the early and mid 90s a combination of a high-end computer and a high-end CAT tool cost as much as a new car
from their very beginnings CAT tools were designed to be capable of handling both big- and small-scale projects, but initially no freelance translator could afford them

22. CAT – its scope (continued)
Even for a freelance translator, CAT route is nowadays the only possibility if one wants to provide high-quality, 100% terminologically consistent and efficiently produced translations.
A testimony to that is the industry-standard TM program Trados: Trados Freelance edition has been the company’s best-selling TM program for a number of years.

23. CAT tools – a bit about their history
CAT tools were developed after (very) disappointing initial experiments with MT tools.
So, in order to give you a proper overview of how we got where we are now, we have to start with the history of MT tools

24. MT History – how we switched to CAT
MT research began in 1950’s – Warren Weaver’s 1949 Memo:
“When I look at an article in Russian, I say: This is really written in English, but it has been coded in some strange symbols. I will now proceed to decode.”
(in Locke and Booth 1955:18)

25. MT History – how we switched to CAT
Initially based on some misconception about human translation:
knowledge of two language systems suffices
it is merely a matter of looking up dictionaries
it is easy to define “a good translation”
there is only one correct translation possible

26. MT History – how we switched to CAT
MT history milestones: pre-ALPAC
1954: Georgetown system demo
successful translation of 49 Russian sentences into English
: $50m spent in 20 research centres in USA
1966: Automatic Language Processing Advisory Committee (ALPAC) Report concludes:
”...MT is slower, less accurate and twice as expensive as Human Translation...”
“...there is no prospect of useful MT either immediately or in the future...”

27. MT History – how we switched to CAT
MT history milestones: post-ALPAC
1969 – privately funded projects
Logos system (1969); Weidner-CAT (1977); ALPS (1980)
1975 – Météo project in Canada
1976 – European Commission acquires Systran
1979 – Eurotra project in Europe for Multilingual system
1980 – PC-based system
1990 – data-driven system; WebMT

28. MT History – how we switched to CAT
1975 Météo project in Canada
Automatic translation of weather forecasts (En -> Fr)
Sublanguage approach (domain-specific MT)
Most successful MT application to date
public broadcasting since 1977
Fr -> En available since 1989
only 4% of output needs post-editing
rapid translation staff turnover no longer a problem

29. MT History – how we switched to CAT
Renewed interest in MT in late 80s and early 90s:
Technological factors
specifically: prevalence of PC with improved processing power
Translation market factors
official bilingualism/multilingualism create institutional needs
globalisation creates huge commercial needs
Advances in computational linguistics
More realistic user expectations
Internet creates casual access to multilingual information

30. MT History – how we switched to CAT
However, translations produced by MT were still not reliable and accurate enough for large-scale commercial applications.
So, it became evident that the human translator cannot be eliminated and replaced by computers.
Actually, it became obvious that computers programs should be used as TOOLS which only HELP the translator.

31. History of CAT Tools
Unreliability of MT tools -> large corporations hire translation agencies
Translations agencies find it difficult to cope with the increasing demand
Translation agencies develop their own in-house CAT tools
Translation agencies begin to sell their CAT tools

32. History of CAT Tools
Two major players in the domain of CAT tools development Trados and STAR Group both started as:
TRANSLATION AGENCIES!!!
STAR AG was founded as a small translation agency in 1984 by Josef Zibung and Hanspeter Siegrist in the northern Swiss city of Stein am Rhein near Schaffhausen. It won and keept customers from the automotive, machine tool, computer and aeronautics industries like ABB, AT&T, BMW, Dornier, IBM, Mazda, Mercedes, Nissan, Saab and Siemens.
TRADOS was founded in 1984 by Jochen Hummel and Iko Knyphausen in Stuttgart, Germany to provide translation services for IBM.

33. TRADOS – timeline
first version of TRADOS's main component, MultiTerm was created for DOS TRADOS developed the first MultiTerm for Windows (v3.1) 1992 – TRADOS’s Translator's Workbench with linguistic fuzzy-matching on translation memories for DOS TRADOS’s Translator's Workbench for Windows

34. TRADOS – timeline (continued)
1997 – BREAKTHROUGH : Microsoft decides to base its internal localization memory store on TRADOS 1998 – Microsoft acquires a share of 20% in TRADOS
TRADOS becomes a de-facto industry standard CAT tool!!!
That’s why we will mostly work with TRADOS in this course (as far as TM is concerned).
But we will also work with WordFast, because not all people can afford Trados.

35. WHAT WE WANT TO TEACH YOU HERE?
TWO PRACTICAL EXAMPLES OF COMMON TRANSLATION PROBLEMS

37. IMPORTANT THINGS TO NOTE:
(quite obvious) the book has an index = YOU (i.e. the translator) are supposed to make it in the translated version of the book
a vast index = a lot of terminology
some index terms appear on several pages that are not necessarily in the same chapter (e.g. pg. 36, pg. 92 and pg. 255) = a very serious problem for the consistency of you translation

43. General principles of working with CAT tools
The main goals are EFFICIENCY and CONSISTENCY
CAT tools = TM tools (in this case only)
The basic idea is fairly simple:
Documents, especially technical ones, contain a large amount of content that is similar or identical to information already contained in earlier versions or similar documents that have been translated before.
that applies to the source editing language (SL) as well as the target translation languages (TL).

44. General principles of working with CAT tools
So, wouldn’t it be great to re-use previously translated content as valuable reference material for new translations as well so as to obtain consistency of terminology and phrasing?
That is exactly what CAT tools do!
CAT tools make it possible for translators to work only on content that is being created for the first time. Existing text and text similar to existing text is taken from the available. reference translations (i.e. from TM= translation memory).

45. General principles of working with CAT tools
So, wouldn’t it be great to re-use previously translated content as valuable reference material for new translations as well so as to obtain consistency of terminology and phrasing?
That is exactly what CAT tools do!
CAT tools make it possible for translators to work only on content that is being created for the first time. Existing text and text similar to existing text is taken from the available. reference translations (i.e. from TM= translation memory).

46. TRADOS - a screenshot

47. A DREAM COME TRUE? NOT REALLY 
TO ENJOY ALL THE BENEFITS OF CAT TOOLS FIRST YOU HAVE TO CREATE A TM AND A TERMINOLOGY DATABASE:
either from your old translations
or from new translations (i.e. creating a TM from scratch)
A DREAM COME TRUE?
THAT IS WHERE OTHER CAT TOOLS (i.e. NON-TM CAT tools) STEP IN TO SAVE THE DAY!!!
NOT REALLY 

48. REUSING YOU OLD TRANSLATIONS
The best way to make a TM:
reliable source (YOU did the translation)
readily available (stored on you PC)

49. A BRIEF DIGRESSION
The term LOCALIZATION has often popped up in previous slides
What is LOCALIZATION?

50. WHAT IS LOCALIZATION?
Localization is the process of adapting, translating and customizing a product (software) for a specific market (for a specific locale or cultural conventions; the locale usually determines conventions such as sort order, keyboard layout, date, time, number and currency formats). In terms of software localization, this means the production of interfaces that are meaningful and comprehensible to local users.
The Localization Industry Standards Association (LISA) defines localization as: “Localization involves taking a product and making it linguistically and culturally appropriate to the target locale (country/region and language) where it will be used and sold.”
Typically, this involves the translation of the user interface (the messages a program presents to users) to enable them to create documents and data, modify them, print them, send them by , etc.)

51. LOCALIZATION – what it includes
Focal points of internationalization and localization efforts include:
Language:
Computer-encoded text
Alphabets/scripts; different systems of numerals; left-to-right script vs. right-to-left scripts. Most recent systems use the Unicode to solve many of these character encoding problems.
Graphical representations of text (printed materials, online images containing text)
Spoken (Audio)
Sub-titles for video
Date/time format, including use of different calendars
Formatting of numbers (decimal points, positioning of separators, character used as separator)
Time zones (UTC in internationalized environments)
Currency
Images and colors: issues of comprehensibility and cultural appropriateness
Names and titles
Government assigned numbers (such as the Social Security number in the US, National Insurance number in the UK) and passports
Telephone numbers, addresses and international postal codes
Weights and measures
Paper sizes
Differences between local standards (e.g. YU ISO or JUS) and international standards (ISO)

52. LOCALIZATION vs. INTERNATIONALIZATION
The distinction between internationalization and localization is subtle but important:
Internationalization is the adaptation of products for potential use virtually everywhere, while
localization is the addition of special features for use in a specific locale.
The processes are complementary, and must be combined to lead to the objective of a system that works globally.

53. CAT tools for localization
Over the last couple of years, in addition to general-purpose TM tools such as Trados and Transit, translation technology companies also developed a number of TM tools specially designed for localization:
Alchemy CATALYST
PASSOLO
Sisulizer
SISULIZER is currently the industry standard localization tool, so that’s the one in which we will work!!!

54. SISULIZER – a screenshot

55. Other CAT tools (non-TM based)
As we said earlier, computer-assisted translation (CAT) is a broad and somewhat imprecise term covering a range of tools, from the fairly simple to the more complicated, which can include:
Word processors, grammar and spell checkers, terminology managers, eBooks, eDictionaries, full-text search tools, concordancers, web, TM tools, bitexts, etc.

56. CAT - REFERENCE MATERIALS
Reference materials are the primary source of terminology in absence of translation memory.
Computer-based reference materials can be classified into:
Online libraries
Specialized web resources
Specialized software products
Other materials in electronic formats

57. Online Libraries Large collections of books in electronic form, e.g.
eBrary (new scientific books, pay site)
Internet Archive (hosting “A Million Book Project”)
Project Gutenberg (PD fiction books, free)
Questia (popular titles – fiction and non-fiction, pay site – some sections free)

58. Internet Archive

59. eBrary

60. Questia:

61. Questia:

62. Specialized web resources
Online glossaries
e.g.
Online terminology databases
e.g. EURODICAUTOM
Acronym dictionaries
e.g.
Online dictionaries
e.g.
Online corpora (e.g. BNC and COCA)

63. Online glossary – language automation glossary index

64. Online terminology databases - EURODICAUTOM

65. Online terminology databases - EURODICAUTOM

66. Acronym dictionary – www.acronymfinder.com

67. Online dictionary – www.thefreedictionary.com

68. BNC = British National Corpus

69. BNC = British National Corpus

71. COCA= Corpus Of Contemporary American English

73. Specialized software products
Various programs that can be used for terminology extraction:
Electronic dictionaries
General monolingual: e.g. OED v3
Specialized monolingual: e.g. Cambridge Pronouncing Dictionary, Collins Collocations
Bilingual: e.g. Morton Benson, MidiDict
Electronic Bible (e.g. e-Sword)
Concordance programs (e.g. Concordancer)
Data-mining programs (e.g. Summarizer Pro)

74. Electronic dictionaries - OED

75. Electronic Bible - e-Sword

76. Concordancers Make it possible to see a word in context: Two types:
Useful for finding collocations and phrases
Useful for extracting terminology
Two types:
Monolingual concordancers (e.g. WordSmith)
Polylingual concordancers (e.g. ParaConc)

77. Monolingual Concordancer

78. Parallel Concordancer

79. Intellexer Summarizer Pro

80. Intellexer Summarizer Pro

81. THE END