2. LD: Lincoln-Douglas Debate History:  1858 - Illinois senatorial debates between Abraham Lincoln & Stephen Douglas  1980 - Became high school competitive event

3. Types of propositions LD uses propositions of value: good or bad, right or wrong, useful or useless LD uses propositions of value: good or bad, right or wrong, useful or useless Different from CX which uses propositions of policy: what should be done about a problem, what changes should be made Different from CX which uses propositions of policy: what should be done about a problem, what changes should be made

4. LD Format & time limits 6: AFF constructive 6: AFF constructive 3: NEG CX 3: NEG CX 7: NEG constructive 7: NEG constructive 3: AFF CX 3: AFF CX 4: AFF Rebuttal 4: AFF Rebuttal 6: NEG Rebuttal 6: NEG Rebuttal 3: AFF Rebuttal 3: AFF Rebuttal –Also: 4 minutes of prep. time allowed

5. LD Format AFF speaks more than NEG- AFF has burden of proof AFF speaks more than NEG- AFF has burden of proof Times are equal for both AFF & NEG Times are equal for both AFF & NEG

6. LD Speaker Responsibilities AFF constructive: 6 min. Present AFF case including definitions AFF constructive: 6 min. Present AFF case including definitions NEG constructive: 7 min. Present NEG case (approx. 5 min.), present arguments that clash w/ AFF positions in 1 st speech (approx. 2 min. to attack AFF); will not be able to introduce new arguments in rebuttal (only new evidence, reasoning, or responses to arguments already stated), so set up arguments now NEG constructive: 7 min. Present NEG case (approx. 5 min.), present arguments that clash w/ AFF positions in 1 st speech (approx. 2 min. to attack AFF); will not be able to introduce new arguments in rebuttal (only new evidence, reasoning, or responses to arguments already stated), so set up arguments now For each case- have at least one quote per argument; use philosophers for support For each case- have at least one quote per argument; use philosophers for support

7. LD Speaker Responsibilities 1 st AFF Rebuttal: 4 min. Respond to NEG case, reestablish AFF issues by comparing them to NEG’s issues, proving AFF to be better position 1 st AFF Rebuttal: 4 min. Respond to NEG case, reestablish AFF issues by comparing them to NEG’s issues, proving AFF to be better position NEG Rebuttal: 6 min. Challenge comparisons established by AFF, extend arguments denying AFF’s case w/ evidence & reasoning, reinforce NEG positions, summarize debate to NEG’s advantage NEG Rebuttal: 6 min. Challenge comparisons established by AFF, extend arguments denying AFF’s case w/ evidence & reasoning, reinforce NEG positions, summarize debate to NEG’s advantage 2 nd AFF Rebuttal: 3 min. Reestablish comparisons of value, proving AFF position to be strongest, summarize debate to AFF’s advantage 2 nd AFF Rebuttal: 3 min. Reestablish comparisons of value, proving AFF position to be strongest, summarize debate to AFF’s advantage ALL: Include voting issues- why you should win! ALL: Include voting issues- why you should win!

8. Case Construction Topic analysis Topic analysis Case needs to include: Case needs to include: –Intro. –Statement of resolution –Definition of terms –Value to be defended –Criteria for evaluating debate –Outline of issues to be debated w/ evidence & reasoning to support issues –Justification of issues or values as key elements

9. LD Values Values- something so prized by society it becomes a goal in life (liberty, security, safety, equality, justice, progress, etc.) Values- something so prized by society it becomes a goal in life (liberty, security, safety, equality, justice, progress, etc.) Types: Types: –Moral- ethical means –Political- constitutional principles, power –Utilitarian- efficiency of means; usefulness or effectiveness of behavior

10. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Physical- survival (food, water, shelter) Physical- survival (food, water, shelter) Security- protection from threats Security- protection from threats Belonging- love Belonging- love Self-esteem- status, respect Self-esteem- status, respect Self-actualization- fulfillment, being all we can be! Self-actualization- fulfillment, being all we can be!

11. LD Criteria Needs to relate to value! Needs to relate to value! How to judge if value is met How to judge if value is met Keep value & criterion upheld throughout debate Keep value & criterion upheld throughout debate

12. Cross examination Prepare questions ahead of time Prepare questions ahead of time Set up arguments to be used in your rebuttal Set up arguments to be used in your rebuttal Avoid open-ended questions unless getting opponent to explain how or why Avoid open-ended questions unless getting opponent to explain how or why Be polite & direct Be polite & direct When being examined… When being examined… –If you don’t understand, have them clarify –Try to give direct answers –Don’t fall into a trap!

13. Steps of Effective Refutation State opponent’s argument as close as you can State opponent’s argument as close as you can Provide brief summary of what they said Provide brief summary of what they said Indicate what they left out Indicate what they left out Give your arguments Give your arguments Summarize & move on (For each argument) Summarize & move on (For each argument)

14. Rebuttals Where you win the debate! Where you win the debate! Be organized Be organized Don’t just summarize speech Don’t just summarize speech Answer every point on the flow Answer every point on the flow Signpost- tell judge which point you are refuting Signpost- tell judge which point you are refuting

15. Making evidence cards Get articles Get articles Bracket evidence in articles (put brackets around 2-3 sentences you chose as evidence) Bracket evidence in articles (put brackets around 2-3 sentences you chose as evidence) Cut out the evidence Cut out the evidence Tape or glue the evidence to paper Tape or glue the evidence to paper Source cite the evidence (Author, qualifications, date, book/mag./etc. name & page number right before each piece of evidence) Source cite the evidence (Author, qualifications, date, book/mag./etc. name & page number right before each piece of evidence) Tag the evidence (Write a 4-9 word complete sentence that accurately & persuasively states the main point of the evidence Tag the evidence (Write a 4-9 word complete sentence that accurately & persuasively states the main point of the evidence