1. Subject/Verb Agreement/Tricky Words

2. Make sure the subject agrees with the verb  The girl [singular subject] reads [singular verb] mystery stories.  The girls [plural subject] read [plural verb] mystery stories.  Tonya [singular subject] is [singular verb] asleep.  Tonya and her friends [plural subject] are [plural verb].

3. Don’t be confused by plural words that come after the verb.  Wrong: My biggest problem are the many incomplete homework assignments I need to finish.  Right: My biggest problem [singular subject] is [singular verb] the many incomplete homework assignments I need to finish.

4. Don’t be confused by plural words that come between a singular subject and verb  Wrong: The topic of these four books are horses.  Right: The topic [singular subject] of these four books is [singular verb] horses.  Wrong: Each of the bikes have new tires.  Right: Each [singular subject] of the bikes has [singular verb] new tires.

5. Don’t be confused by subjects that come at the end of the sentence.  Wrong: Standing at the back of the room was my parents.  Helpful tip: Switch sentence around: My parents were standing at the back of the room.  Right: Standing at the back of the room were [plural verb] my parents [plural subject].  Wrong: At the end of most of our team’s games come victory’s sweetness.  Right: At the end of most of our team’s games comes [singular verb] victory’s sweetness [singular subject].

6. Don’t be confused by phrases such as along with, together with, accompanied by, as well as, including, and in addition to.  Wrong:Tenita, as well as Ping, play basketball well.  Right: Tenita [singular subject], as well as Ping, plays [singular verb] basketball well.  Wrong: Broccoli, in addition to squash and all other vegetables, are good for you.  Right: Broccoli, [singular subject], in addition to squash and all other vegetables, is [singular verb] good for you.

7. Collective Nouns: Amounts and Numbers  A collective noun denotes a group of something: a family, herd, team, majority, etc. Even though the noun suggests more than one person it can be singular or plural depending on how it is used in the sentence.  This class [singular subject] is [singular verb] in session. (The class is referring to the whole, so it is a singular unit.)  The class [plural subject] are [plural subject] taking their test. (The class, in this context, refers to each individual taking their test and is plural.)  Wrong: The jury are returning with their decision. (Juries always operate as a whole when they make decisions.)  Right: The jury [singular subject] is [singular verb] returning with its decision.

8. Numbers  Ten dollars [singular subject] is [singular verb] the entry fee. (Ten dollars is considered one amount of money).  Six months [singular subject] is [singular verb] needed to complete the assignment. (Six months, in this sentence, is considered one unit of time).  Ten dollars [plural subject] were [plural verb] tucked under my bed. (Each individual bill is counted as the subject making it a plural subject.)  Six months [plural subject] have [plural verb] passed since the assignment. ( In this context, six months is considered six individual months).

9. Everybody, Anybody and Everybody  Wrong: Every one of the members of both basketball teams are here.  Right: Every one [singular subject] of the members of both basketball teams is [singular verb] here.  Even though these words represent plural subjects, they are grammatically singular.

10. Tricky Words: Effect/Affect  Effect as a noun=the result or outcome of something.  If you don’t wear your bicycle helmet, the effect could be very bad.  Effect as a verb=to cause or to bring something into being.  The teacher tried to effect a change in the students’ study.

11. Affect  Affect as a noun: emotions (a very rarely used word except by psychologists)  The child’s affect was very disturbed after she saw the scary movie.  Affect as a verb: to influence something  The movie didn’t affect me as much as it did my little sister.

12. When to use effect…  If it’s a noun you need, always choose effect (unless you’re a psychologist talking about emotions).  Scary movies have a bad effect on many kids.  My apology didn’t have the effect I thought it would have.

13. When to use affect…  If it’s a verb you need, affect is the right choice 90 percent of the time.  To be sure, substitute the words cause and influence, and see which is better.  Affect=Influence Effect=Cause  Right: Too much rainy weather affects [influences] my mood; it makes me grumpy.  Right: Too much rainy weather from the hurricane effected [caused] flooding and beach erosion.

14. Other Tricky Words…  All right or Alright? A lot and alot?  Alright is not a word. You may see it a lot, but it does not exist. Alot is also not a word.  Wrong: It is not alright to write this way.  Right: It is all right to write this way.  Wrong: This is a goof that students make alot.  Right: This is a goof that students make a lot.

15. References  Elliot, R. (2006). Painless Grammar. New York: Barron’s.