1. WEEK 6: The manager as a person – II Managing dIversIty
BUSN 107 –

2. Values
Values => The conscious, affective desires or wants of people that guide their behavior
Guiding principles in an individual’s life, shaping their view of the world
Linked to attitudes in that a value serves as a way of organizing attitudes.

3. Values

4. Values
Value System => a hierarchy based on a ranking of an individual’s values in terms of their intensity
I. Terminal Values:
A lifelong goal or objective that an individual seeks to achieve; desirable end-states of existence
II. Instrumental Values:
A mode of conduct that an individual seeks to follow; means of achieving one’s terminal goals

5. Terminal and Instrumental Values in the Rokeach Value Survey

6. Attitudes
Attitudes => A collection of feelings and mental state of readiness
Evaluative statements or judgements concerning objects, people or events.
Implications for managers:
Define predispositions toward the world
Provide emotional basis of interpersonal relations and identifications with others
Some are persistent and some are subject to change
Each of us has attitudes on numerous topics – friendship, love, sports, dieting, career goals, laws... Attitudes have many sources: family, friends, society, school/teachers, previous experiences, culture
Some attitudes are persistent and enduring; yet some are subject to change.

7. Attitudes isn’t everything, but it’s close
Attitudes isn’t everything, but it’s close. New York Times headline, August 6, 2006

8. Why Should Managers Be Interested in Employees’ Attitudes?
Attitudes give warnings of potential problems and they influence behavior
Employees with positive attitudes towards work perform better on the job
Managers often face the task of changing employees’ attitudes because existing attitudes hinder organizational –job performance. For this to happen: employees should trust the manager and convinced in his message.

9. The Components of Attitudes
Cognitive = evaluation
My supervisor gave a
promotion to a coworker who
deserved it less than me. My
supervisor is unfair
Negative attitude towards supervisor
Affective = feeling
I dislike my supervisor!
Behavioral = action
I am looking for another work;
I’ve complained about my
supervisor who would listen

10. Important Job Attitudes:
Job satisfaction
Organizational commitment
Perceived organizational support
Job involvement
Employee engagement

11. Important Job Attitudes
Job Satisfaction
A collection of feelings and beliefs that managers and employees have about their jobs
It results from the perception of the job based on following factors:
Pay, job, promotion opportunities, work environment and conditions, organizational policies and procedures, supervisors, co-workers
Employees high on job satisfaction like their jobs, feel that they are being fairly treated, and believe that their jobs have many desirable features
“Happy workers are productive workers”

12. How to create satisfied employees?
Management is able to control each of these:
Mentally challenging work
Opportunities to use their skills and abilities; varieties of tasks, freedom and feedback
Equitable rewards
Pay systems employees perceive as just, unambigious and in line with their expectations

13. How to create satisfied employees?
Management is able to control each of these:
Supportive working conditions
Safe and comfortable working environment
Supportive coworkers
Social interaction, friendly and supportive managers and coworkes

14. Job Satisfaction In Close
US workers job satisfaction relatively high (Gallup Poll, 2008):
satisfaction-relatively-high.aspx
US job satisfaction struggles to recover to levels (Gallup Poll, 2011):
struggles-recover-2008-levels.aspx

15. Important Job Attitudes
Organizational Commitment
The degree to which a manager/employee identifies with the organization and its goals and wishes to maintain membership there –loyalty to the org.
Committed managers are loyal to their firms and less likely to quit
Leads to a strong organizational culture
Helps managers perform their figurehead and spokesperson roles

16. Attitudes - Performance Relationship:
Job Satisfaction
Job Performance
Org. Commitment

17. Organizational Culture
Shared set of beliefs, expectations, values, norms, and work routines that influence how members of an organization relate to one another and work together to achieve organizational goals
The set of important assumptions about the organization and its goals and practices that members of the company share

18. Organizational Culture
In strong organizational cultures, the majority of people within the organization agree on organizational goals
In weak organizational cultures, the majority of people within the organization disagree on organizational goals

19. Factors that Maintain and Transmit Organizational Culture:

20. Diversity of the Workforce and the Environment
Differences among people in age, gender, race, ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation, socioeconomic background, and capabilities/disabilities

21. Diversity of the Workforce and the Environment
Reasons why diversity is an important concern:
The ethical imperative for equal opportunity and fair and just treatment
Effectively managing diversity can improve organizational effectiveness
The continuing unfair treatment toward diverse individuals as a result of biases, stereotypes and overt discrimination

22. Sources of Diversity in the Workplace:

23. Workforce Diversity: Gender
Women in the Work Place in US:
U.S. workforce is 46.5 % percent female
Women’s weekly median earnings are $572 compared to $714 for men.
Women hold only 16% of corporate officer positions

24. Workforce Diversity: Gender
World Economic Forum: The Global Gender Gap Report 2012
gap

25. Workforce Diversity: Gender
Turkey in Gender Gap Report:

26. Workforce Diversity: Gender
Turkey in Gender Gap Report:

27. Solving Diversity-Related Problems
Think about the last time:
(1) you were treated unfairly because you differed from a decision maker on a particular dimension of diversity, or
(2) observed someone else being treated like this
Why do you think the decison maker acted unfairly in this situation?
In what ways if any were biases, stereotypes or overt discrimination involved in the situation?
Was the decision maker aware that he or she was acting unfairly?
What could you or the person have done to improve matters and rectify the injustice on the spot?
If you had authority over the decision maker, what steps would you take to ensure that the decision maker no longer treated diverse individuals fairly?

28. Managing Diversity Effectively
Critical Managerial Roles:
Conveying it as a valued goal and objective
Enabling diverse employees to coordinate and cooperate in the organization
Using authority and status to influence and persuade others
Commitment and reward for the support of diversity
Showing confidence in the abilities and talents of diverse employees

29. Managing Diversity Effectively
Two Moral Principles for Managing Diversity:
Distributive Justice => Fair distribution of pay, promotions and other organizational resources based on meaningful contributions
Procedural Justice => Use of fair procedures to determine how to distribute outcomes to organizational members

30. Perceptions as a Determinant of Unfair Treatment
The process through which people select, organize and interpret what they see, hear, touch, smell and taste to give meaning and order to the world around them
Inaccurate perception leads managers to bad decisions and inapproporiate actions; unfair treatment towards diverse employees

31. Perceptions as a Determinant of Unfair Treatment
Managers’ perceptions likely to differ because of their differences in:
Personality, values, attitudes and moods
Past experiences: acquired knowledge about people, events and situations
Pre-existing schemas => abstract knowledge structures
Gender schemas
Race and ethnicity schemas

33. Perceptions as a Determinant of Unfair Treatment
Stereotype: Simplistic and often inaccurate beliefs about the typical characteristics of particular groups of people
Biases: Systematic tendency to use information about others in ways that result in inaccurate perceptions
Similar-to-me effect, social status effect, salience effect
Overt Discrimination: Knowingly and willingly denying individuals access to opportunities and outcomes in an organization

34. Steps in Managing Diversity Effectively
Secure top management commitment
Increase the accuracy of perceptions
Increase diversity awareness
Encourage flexibility
Pay close attention to how employees evaluated
Consider the numbers in terms of diversity
Empower employees to challenge discriminatory behaviors
Reward employees for effectively managing diversity
Provide training and mentoring on diversity

35. Next Week Read from your course book:
Chapter 4: Ethics and Social Responsibility