1. Definition of Terms Seizure Epileptic Seizure Epilepsy
Paroxysmal event due to abnormal, excessive, hypersynchronous discharges from an aggregate of CNS neurons
Epileptic Seizure
 Transient occurrence of signs and/or symptoms due to abnormal excessive or synchronnous neuronal activity in the brain
Epilepsy
History of at least one seizure
Enduring alteration in the brain that increases the likelihood of future seizures
Associated neurobiologic, cognitive, psychological and social disturbances

2. Definition of Terms Stroke Post stroke seizure Post-stroke Spilepsy
 rapidly developing loss of brain function(s) due to disturbance in the blood supply to the brain
neurological deficit of cerebrovascular cause that persists beyond 24 hours or is interrupted by death within 24 hours
Post stroke seizure
single or multiple convulsive episode/s (fit/s) after stroke and thought to be related to reversible or irreversible cerebral damage due to stroke regardless of time of onset following the stroke
Post-stroke Spilepsy
recurrent seizures following stroke with confirmed diagnosis of epilepsy

3. Revised terminology and concepts for organization of seizures and epilepsies: Report of the ILAE Commission on Classification and Terminology, 2005–2009

4. Tonic Clonic Seizures
The seizure usually begins abruptly without warning
Tonic Phase
tonic contraction of muscles throughout the body
Tonic contraction of the muscles of expiration and the larynx at the onset will produce a loud moan or “ictal cry.”
Respirations are impaired, secretions pool in the oropharynx, and cyanosis develops.
Contraction of the jaw muscles may cause biting of the tongue.
marked enhancement of sympathetic tone
increases in heart rate, blood pressure, and pupillary size.
Clonic Phase (After 10–20 s
superimposition of periods of muscle relaxation on the tonic muscle contraction.
Progressively increase until the end of the ictal phase, which usually lasts no more than 1 min. T
Postictal Phase
unresponsiveness, muscular flaccidity, and excessive salivation
Patients gradually regain consciousness over minutes to hours
Patients subsequently complain of headache, fatigue, and muscle ache that can last for many hours
The EEG during the tonic phase of the seizure shows a progressive increase in generalized low-voltage fast activity, followed by generalized high-amplitude, polyspike discharges.
In the clonic phase, the high-amplitude activity is typically interrupted by slow waves to create a spike-and-wave pattern.

5. Absence
Characterized by sudden, brief lapses of consciousness without loss of postural control.
Lasts for only seconds
usually accompanied by subtle, bilateral motor signs
usually begin in childhood (ages 4–8) or early adolescence
Provoked by hyperventilation
The electrophysiologic hallmark: Generalized,symmetric, 3-Hz spike-and-wave discharge that begins and ends suddenly, superimposed on a normal EEG background.

6. Atypical Absence Lapse of consciousness is usually of longer duration
Less abrupt in onset and cessation
Seizure is accompanied by more obvious motor signs that may include focal or lateralizing features.
Atypical absence seizures are usually associated with diffuse or multifocal structural abnormalities of the brain.
Less responsive to anticonvulsants
The EEG shows a generalized, slow spike-and-wave pattern with a frequency of ≤2.5/s, as well as other abnormal activity.

7. Atypical Absence with Special Features
Myoclonic Absence
The manifestations are abrupt onset of absences accompanied by bilateral rhythmic myoclonic jerks of severe intensity
The seizure mainly involves muscles of the shoulders, arms, and legs; facial muscles are less involved.
May last from 10 to 60 seconds
Hyperventilation, awakening, and stimulation by intermittent light can precipitate the attack.

8. Atypical Absence with Special Features
Eyelid Myoclonia
The eyelid myoclonia consists of rapid 4 to 6 Hz jerking of the eyelids, which, if brief, may occur in isolation or proceed to an absence also associated with rapid jerking of the eyelids
Seizures are brief, 3 to 6 seconds, occurring mainly after eye closure, photic stimulation, or both
Onset is usually in early childhood, 5 to 8 years of age
Consist of eyelid myoclonia that persists through the attack with or without absences
Photosensitivity

9. Myoclonic
Myoclonus is a sudden and brief muscle contraction that may involve one part of the body or the entire body
Myoclonic seizures or twitches are brief contractions, or relaxations, of a muscle or muscle group, resulting in a sudden, jumpy movement.
Positive myoclonus - muscular contraction
Negative myoclonus - muscular relaxation.
Consciousness does not usually seem to be impaired
duration of <1 second
The EEG may show bilaterally synchronous spike-and-wave discharges synchronized with the myoclonus, although these can be obscured by movement artifact.
Myoclonic seizures usually coexist with other forms of generalized seizure disorders

10. Clonic
Consists of rhythmic jerking movements of the arms and legs, sometimes on both sides of the body.
Rapidly alternating contraction and relaxation of a muscle
Movements cannot be stopped by restraining or repositioning the arms or legs 
EEG: high-amplitude activity is typically interrupted by slow waves to create a spike-and-wave pattern.

11. Tonic Often occur during sleep
Flexion at the waist and neck, abduction and flexion or extension of the upper extremities, and flexion or extension of the lower extremities
Typical duration is 5–20 seconds.
Tonic seizures are generalized, involving bilateral musculature in a symmetric or nearly symmetric manner
EEG usually shows generalized, low-voltage, fast polyspikes.

12. Atonic
Atonic seizures are characterized by sudden loss of postural muscle tone lasting 1–2 s
Usually no postictal confusion
The EEG shows brief, generalized spike-and-wave discharges followed immediately by diffuse slow waves that correlate with the loss of muscle tone.

13. Revised terminology and concepts for organization of seizures and epilepsies: Report of the ILAE Commission on Classification and Terminology, 2005–2009

14. Etiology

16. Algorithm to Seizure Approach