1. Information Technology INT1001
Lecture 12
Privacy, Crime & Security

2. Computers Are Your Future Tenth Edition
Chapter 9: Privacy, Crime, & Security
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3. Privacy, Crime, & Security*
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Privacy, Crime, & Security
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall *

4. *
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Privacy in Cyberspace
Privacy is the ability of a person or entity to control and prevent others from collecting, using, and selling personal, confidential information.
With the use of computers and the Internet, having anonymity, the means to communicate without disclosing your identity, has become more difficult to achieve.
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5. *
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Privacy in Cyberspace
Technologies that jeopardize online anonymity include:
Cookies
Global unique identifiers
Ubiquitous computing
Radio frequency identification
This is Figure 9.4.
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6. *
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Privacy in Cyberspace
After a user visits a Web site, a small text file known as a cookie may be written to the user’s hard disk by the Web site.
Although some cookies are used for justifiable reasons, this is not always the case.
Some cookies are used to gather personal information without the user’s consent.
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7. *
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Privacy in Cyberspace
Anonymous use of the Internet is made more difficult through the use of global unique identifiers (GUIDs), an identification number produced by software or a piece of hardware.
Companies that have GUIDs integrated into their products usually do not inform the public.
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8. *
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Privacy in Cyberspace
The tendency to interact with more than one computer at a time is called ubiquitous computing.
Given that smaller devices such as smartphones can receive and transmit personal user information, if they are lost, the privacy of the user could be compromised.
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9. *
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Privacy in Cyberspace
Radio frequency identification (RFID) uses radio waves to track a chip or tag.
Often used for inventory control in stores
Example of a concern about RFID technology:
It could compromise a person’s anonymity and privacy if information stored on RFID tags attached to U.S. passports is misused
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10. *
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Privacy in Cyberspace
To protect society, governments should provide privacy rights including but not limited to:
Informing users of the collection of information and its intended use.
Allowing users to give or deny their consent to have their information collected.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall *

11. Privacy in Cyberspace Privacy online:*
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Privacy in Cyberspace
Privacy online:
Use protective software or devices such as Anonymous Surfing or IronKey Secure USB flash drives when using the Internet.
Create addresses from free Web-based services whenever you use your address for such things as chat rooms and mailing lists.
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12. Privacy in Cyberspace Privacy online (continued):*
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Privacy in Cyberspace
Privacy online (continued):
Teach children the importance of getting permission prior to giving out personal information over the Internet.
Before you fill out any online registration forms, make sure the privacy policy statement of a Web site states that the information provided will not be sold.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall *

13. Privacy in Cyberspace Privacy at home:*
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Privacy in Cyberspace
Privacy at home:
GPS capabilities are embedded in newer cell phones so they can be located.
Services such as Wherify and uLocate can determine the precise location of a cell phone.
Software is available to determine and provide notification when a cell phone leaves a specific geographic area.
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14. Privacy in Cyberspace Privacy at work:*
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Privacy in Cyberspace
Privacy at work:
Refrain from making personal calls on a work phone.
Avoid using a company account for personal purposes.
Assume that your actions at work are being monitored.
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15. Privacy in Cyberspace This is Figure 9.11.*
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Privacy in Cyberspace
This is Figure 9.11.
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16. Computer Crime & Cybercrime*
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Computer Crime & Cybercrime
Actions that violate the law are known as computer crimes.
Crimes perpetrated through the use of the Internet are cybercrimes.
The area of law dedicated to computer crime is called cyberlaw.
Many Web sites educate users about cybercrime and cybercriminals.
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17. Computer Crime & Cybercrime*
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Computer Crime & Cybercrime
This is Figure 9.12.
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18. Computer Crime & Cybercrime*
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Computer Crime & Cybercrime
Types of computer crime
Identify theft: A criminal gains access to personal information in order to impersonate another
Phishing: Legitimate-looking s or Web sites are created in an attempt to obtain confidential data about a person for illegal purposes.
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19. Computer Crime & Cybercrime*
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Computer Crime & Cybercrime
Types of computer crime (continued)
Malware (short for malicious software): programs developed to intentionally harm or gain access to a computer system without permission.
Includes spyware, viruses, worms, zombies, and Trojan horses
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20. Computer Crime & Cybercrime*
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Computer Crime & Cybercrime
Types of computer crime (continued)
Spyware: software that gathers private information and tracks Web use, and provides that information to third parties
Adware: a form of spyware that generates annoying pop-up and banner ads
Keyloggers: keep track of keystrokes to provide cybercriminals with confidential data
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21. Computer Crime & Cybercrime*
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Computer Crime & Cybercrime
Types of computer crime (continued)
Computer virus: code that is concealed inside a program and intended to harm or destroy files
File infectors attach themselves to files.
Boot sector viruses attach to the first tracks on a hard drive and execute each time you start the computer.
Macro viruses attach to data files and take advantage of application macros.
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22. Computer Crime & Cybercrime*
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Computer Crime & Cybercrime
This is Figure 9.14.
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23. Computer Crime & Cybercrime*
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Computer Crime & Cybercrime
Rogue forms of malware include:
Time bomb: A virus program that remains dormant on a computer system until it is activated by a specific event
Worm: Similar to a virus but does not need the action of a user to execute the code and cause damage
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24. Computer Crime & Cybercrime*
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Computer Crime & Cybercrime
Denial of service (DoS) attack
Assaults an Internet server with so many requests that it cannot function
Accomplished through zombies, individual computers in a botnet—a group of “hijacked” computers.
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25. Computer Crime & Cybercrime*
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Computer Crime & Cybercrime
Trojan horse
Normal-looking program that includes concealed instructions
Created to cause harm
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26. Computer Crime & Cybercrime*
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Computer Crime & Cybercrime
As the stealing of private and confidential information increases, the possibility of fraud also increases.
The physical stealing of computer equipment is also growing, especially computer components such as microprocessors and chips.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall *

27. Computer Crime & Cybercrime*
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Computer Crime & Cybercrime
Types of fraud and theft
Memory shaving: only a portion of RAM is stolen to make the theft less evident
Password stealing: unauthorized gathering of passwords
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28. Computer Crime & Cybercrime*
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Computer Crime & Cybercrime
Techniques to obtain passwords
This is Figure 9.17.
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29. Computer Crime & Cybercrime*
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Computer Crime & Cybercrime
Types of fraud and theft (continued)
Salami shaving: an embezzlement tool in which a program takes a little money from numerous accounts
Data diddling: individuals change data so that it is hard to determine that the resulting theft has occurred
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30. Computer Crime & Cybercrime*
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Computer Crime & Cybercrime
Types of fraud and theft (continued)
Forgery: information is transmitted over the Internet as if from a user by an illegal source that appears to be legitimate.
A high percentage of cybercrimes go unreported because of blackmail.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall *

31. Computer Crime & Cybercrime*
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Computer Crime & Cybercrime
Types of computer criminals
Crackers
Cybergangs
Virus authors
Swindlers
Shills
Cyberstalkers
Sexual predators
Cyberbullies
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32. Computer Crime & Cybercrime*
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Computer Crime & Cybercrime
Examples of Internet Scams
This is Figure 9.19.
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33. Computer Crime & Cybercrime*
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Computer Crime & Cybercrime
Cyberstalkers use the Internet, social networking sites, and to harass or threaten an individual.
Most perpetrators are men.
Most victims are college-age women.
Cyberbullies send threatening messages via or text messages.
Cyberbullying involves minors.
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34. Security Computer security risk is:*
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Security
Computer security risk is:
Any intentional or unintentional action that results in damaging a computer system and/or its data
Increased by wireless LANs because transmissions occur over shared airwaves instead of dedicated lines.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall *

35. Security Security options available for wireless networks include:*
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Security
Security options available for wireless networks include:
WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy)
WPA (Wi-Fi Protected Access)
WPA2
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36. Security Threats to the security of computer systems include:*
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Security
Threats to the security of computer systems include:
Corporate espionage
Information warfare
Security loophole detection programs
Attacks on safety-critical systems
Terrorism
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37. Security To reduce security risks:*
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Security
To reduce security risks:
Use an uninterruptible power supply (UPS), which supplies additional power during power outages or electrical current fluctuations to prevent damage or loss to computer components and/or data.
Control access to computer systems though appropriate password selection and know-and-have authentication.
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38. Security To reduce security risks (continued):*
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Security
To reduce security risks (continued):
Use biometric authentication—the use of voice recognition, retinal scans, and fingerprint scans for authentication purposes.
Incorporate firewalls, which can be hardware or software, to prevent unauthorized access.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall *

39. Security Avoiding scams on the Internet and preventing cyberstalking*
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Security
Avoiding scams on the Internet and preventing cyberstalking
Use common sense.
Don’t give out personal information.
Be cynical of information provided in chat rooms.
Read documents carefully.
Remain cautious when using the Internet.
This is Figure 9.25.
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40. What You’ve Learned
The lack of complete federal regulations to protect the right to privacy for individuals has resulted in numerous Web sites collecting and accumulating personal information.
Computer crime and cybercrime are on the rise, including such crimes as identity theft, malware, fraud, and theft.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

41. What You’ve Learned
Computer criminals, such as crackers, cybergang members, and virus authors, are often the cause of the increase in computer security risks.
Security risks are events, actions, and situations that could lead to losses.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

42. What You’ve Learned
Although no computer system can be totally safe, you can take simple steps to protect your computer and data.
Encryption can be used to guard privacy online through public key encryption.
The government must keep trying to find a balance between its need to know and the privacy rights of individuals.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall