1. IB History Review Paper 2
1.5 hours (25%)
Select 2 questions from 2 topics (different regions)
Full essays! Intro, well-developed, organized body (3-4 paragraphs), conclusion, take 5 min. to plan

2. Causes, Practices, and Effects of War Types of War
Guerrilla War: a war between irregular forces and established armies
20th c Guerrilla Wars: Chinese Civil War ( ), French Indochina War ( , Battle of Dien Bien Phu), Vietnam War ( ), Algerian War (France, ), Afghan Resistance ( , Mujahadeen), Cuban Revolution ( )
Civil Wars: a war between rival factions within a country
Spanish Civil War (Francisco Franco, Comintern, Popular Front rebels, loyalists, republicans, nationalists)
Which countries took which sides in the war?
Vietnam, Korea, Chinese Civil War, India-Pakistan

3. Causes, Practices, and Effects of War Types of War
Total War: a conflict of unlimited scope, one side mobilizes all available resources (human, industrial, agricultural, military, natural, tech) in order to entirely destroy. In total war, there is no differentiation between soldiers and citizens. WWI, WWII
Limited War: do not expend all of each of the available resources at their disposal, whether human, industrial, agricultural, military, natural, technological, or otherwise in a specific conflict.
This may be to preserve those resources for other purposes, or because it might be more difficult for specific participants to be able to utilize all of an areas resources rather than part of them. Limited war is an opposite of total war
Ex: The Cold War (not using atomic bombs, Truman vs. Gen. MacArthur in Korea)
Proxy War: a war that results when 2 powers use other parties as substitutes for fighting each other directly. (terror groups, mercenaries). These groups can strike an opponent without leading to full-scale war.

4. Causes, Practices, and Effects of War
Other Wars to Study:
First World War
Militarism, deterrence, industrialization, The Alliance system, Imperialism, nationalism, The July Crisis, The Blank Cheque
Archduke Franz Ferdinand
Kaiser Wilhelm II
neo-mercantilism: an economic doctrine that emphasizes the need to decrease imports by moving towards self-sufficiency (increase in colonial holdings to supply raw materials and provide markets for finished goods)
Arab-Israeli Conflict
Second World War (Europe, Pacific)

5. Causes, Practices, and Effects of War
Other Wars to Study:
Indo-Pakistan Wars ( , 1971)
Religion, decolonization, background causes (GB) Partition, ceasefire, 1965 Kashmir War, Non-Alignment, Indo-Pakistan War 1971
Mukti Bahni: guerilla army raised in East Pakistan to fight for indep.
Mohandas Gandhi, Mohammad Ali Jinnah, Ali Bhutto, Nehru, Indira Gandhi

6. Causes, Practices, and Effects of War Vocabulary
Collective responsibility: the practice of holding all members of a population responsible for the actions of a few of its members
Attrition: weaken the enemy by depleting and destroying their resources, human and material, to the point they surrender or abandon the fight
Decolonization: the movement towards indep. for territories that had been ruled by European states (2nd half of 20th century) could be peaceful or violent (Africa, Asia)
Privatization: the economic practice of selling government assets to private owners
Sovereignty: the ability of a country to act independently of any outside authority

7. Causes, Practices, and Effects of War Questions
For what reasons, and with what results, were “limited” wars a factor in the second half of the 20th century?
Compare and contrast the use of naval warfare in two wars each chosen from a different region
Assess the importance of war at sea, and war in the air, in one 20th century war
Examine the impact of resistance movements in two wars each from a different region
Assess the social results of two wars, each from a different region
Analyze the political results of wither the Algerian War ( ) or the Chinese Civil War ( )
Assess the impact of technological developments in two wars, each from a different region

8. Causes, Practices, and Effects of War Questions
Ho Chi Minh “You can kill ten of my men for every one of yours I kill, but even at those odds, you will lose and I will win” Is this statement true for all guerilla wars? Why or why not?
Describe 2 guerilla wars, each from a different region.
How might a war fit into more than 1 category? Give an example.
What factors might lead an army to choose guerilla tactics rather than conventional war?
What are the disadvantages to guerilla tactics?
Analyze the causes of the Iran/Iraq War ( ) or the Malvinas/Falklands War (1982)
Discuss the economic causes of one 20th century war
“A European rather than a world war.” To what extent to do agree with this judgment of World War One?

9. Democratic States: Challenges & Responses: USA 1953-1973
Movements for Civil Rights, racial segregation: separation of races in society (transportation, movies, education, movie theaters, restaurants), black voting rights (suffrage)
Eisenhower, JFK, LBJ, Nixon’s domestic and civil rights policies (Kennedy’s domestic reforms, civil rights movement; President Johnson and the Great Society deficit spending); Nixon, watergate scandal
NAACP (National Assoc for the Advancement of Colored People)
CORE Congress for Racial Equality
End to Jim Crow Laws, Plessy vs Ferguson, Brown vs Board of Education, Rosa Parks

10. Democratic States: Challenges & Responses: USA 1953-1973
Citizenship, multi-party states, constitutions (written, unwritten), electoral systems, proportional representation, coalition governments, role of political parties, role of opposition, role of interest/lobby groups, Supreme Court, Red Scare, left wing, right wing, inflation, separation of powers, congressional elections, Congress, Senate,  5th amendment
Attorney General: head of justice dept, most senior legal advisor to President
Social Security: insurance against sickness, accidents, unemployment, and old age
Enhanced social welfare programs in the 1950s-1960s to help disadvantaged social groups
Liberal: USA, democrats, assoc. with Roosevelt’s New Deal reforms, liberal programs give rights and equal opportunities to disadvantaged groups, Pres. Johnson’s Great Society reforms 1960s

11. Democratic States: Challenges & Responses: USA 1953-1973
Secularism: sep. of church and state,
Women’s rights, Native American rights
Affirmative action: places set aside for ethnic or racial minorities to have access to employment (or education)

12. Democratic States: Challenges & Responses: South Africa 1991-2000
African National Congress (ANC)
Nelson Mandela
Apartheid (apartness)
Trade unions, Freedom Charter, end of apartheid, referendum, bicameral, cabinet, coalition govt, first-past-the-post system, gender, civil service
universal suffrage: right to vote in elections,
public works: govt funded projects such as roads, schools, hospitals, improving national infrastructure recession: economic growth becomes negative for 6 months Amnesty: involves cancelling the punishment for someone who has broken the law (pardon)

13. Democratic States: Challenges & Responses: Questions
What important issues affected domestic policies in the US between ?
Compare and contrast democracy in Japan after 1945 and Australia between
“Democratic states have allowed pressure groups to have too much influence on their policies.” To what extent do you agree with this statement?
For what reason and with what results did Weimar Germany fail?
Analyze the successes and failures of either President Alfonsin of Argentina ( ) or President Nixon ( )?

14. Democratic States: Challenges & Responses: Questions
Compare and contrast the electoral systems in two 20th century democratic states.
Discuss gender issues, social welfare, and education in two countries in the Americas.
In what ways, and to what extent, did the Civil Rights movement in one democratic state succeed in ending racial discrimination?
Analyze the role of Nelson Mandela in South Africa’s transition to majority rule.
In what ways and with what results did economic policies improve the standard of living in two democratic states, each from a  different region?

15. Origins and Development of Authoritarian and Single-Party States
Rise of single party states, methods used (force?), what conditions produce single-party states (economic fear!)
Successes and failures of domestic and foreign policy
Form of govt, political ideology (right or left)
Totalitarianism, treatment of opposition
How do they maintain their regime? Media, Education, Social Issues, Arts, Propaganda, minorities, religions
Women in single-party: Communism, Fascism
Peron Argentina ; Mao PRC ; Castro Cuba ; Hitler Germany ; Mussolini ; Nasser ; Nyerere Tanzania ; Lenin USSR ; Stalin USSR ; Khmer Rouge, Pol Pot ; Idi Amin, Uganda 1971 – 1979

16. Fascist Leaders Communist Leaders
Mussolini, Italy ( )
Salazar,Portugal ( )
Hitler, Germany ( )
Franco, Spain ( )
Antonescu, Romania ( )
Idi Amin,Uganda ( )
Vargas Brazil ( , )
Nkrumah ( ) Ghana (becomes Fascist)
Lenin, USSR ( )
Trotsky ( )
Stalin, USSR ( )
Castro, Cuba ( )
Mao Zedong (1949 - 1976)
Ho Chi Minh ( )
Tito, Yugo ( )
Daniel Ortega ( ; 2007) Sandinista, Nicaragua (socialism)

17. Roles of Women: Communism
Communist Theory: Marx, Engels, 1800s (Marxist Feminism) Origins of Family, Private Property, and the State:
Monogamous marriage was the domination of men over women, men have dominated women (just as the capitalist class has dominated workers), dismantling capitalism is a way to liberate women.
Private property gives rise to economic inequality, dependence, political confusion and ultimately unhealthy social relations between men and women--the root of women’s oppression. Gender oppression IS class oppression and serves the interests of capital and the ruling class.
Stalin (Communism): Roles of women change (1928) emancipation, liberation, women needed in industry, massive entry into workforce, increased educational opportunities, legislation to ensure domestic responsibilities fit with industrial employment, affected social institutions (the family), girls equal education, equal rights in employment, advances in health care (hospitals for birth), increased lifespan, free from fear of typhus, cholera, malaria, raised literacy rates, later outlawed abortion, birth control

18. PRC & Women Mao improved women’s rights, made women equal
Mao improved the lives of women by abolishing prostitution, foot binding, allowing women to initiate divorce, inherit property, stop child marriages, ended women’s opium addiction, birth control, contraceptives, planned parenting (One Child Policy)
One Child Policy: a boy is more valuable, allowed to commit infanticide (kill your own child)
Mao “Women hold up half the heavens.”
Popular slogan during Cultural Revolution “Break the chains, unleash the fury of women as a mighty force for revolution!”

19. Nazis & Women
Opposed women’s feminist movement (Jewish-led) bad for both women, men. Stay at home.
Patriarchial society, the “world is her husband, her family, her children, and her home.”
Women took vital jobs from men during Great Depression, economically bad for families (women were paid 66% what men earned.) Discouraged women from higher education, universities, colleges. Drop: 128,000 enrolled 1933, 51,000 in 1938
1933, Hitler appointed Gertrud Scholtz-Klink, Reich Women’s Leader, instructed women their primary role in society was to bear children, be subservient to men, “the mission of woman is to minister in the home and in her profession to the needs of life from the first to last moment of man’s existence.”
Jungmadel (Young Girls) section of Hitler Youth for girls , Bund Deutscher Madel (BDM, German Girl’s League) young women
Sex: promoted conduct for sex, Church morals dropped, promiscuity increased, unmarried soldiers involved with several women simultaneously, married women in multiple affairs simultaneously, with soldiers, civilians
“Some farm wives used sex as a commodity, employing carnal favors as a means of getting a full day’s work from foreign laborers.”
1936, women bearing children out of wedlock (Lebensborn) “Fountain of Life” to create racial purity, encouraged German soldiers (SS) to reproduce, offered SS families support services (adoption of racially pure children into suitable SS families), accommodating racially-valuable women, pregnant with SS men’s children, in care homes in Germany, Occupied Europe. Also racially pure children forcibly seized from occupied countries (Poland) with German families
Despite official restrictions, some women were highly visible, officially praised achievements: aviatrix Hanna Reitsch, film director Leni Riefenstahl

20. Roles of Women: Fascism (Mussolini, Italy)
Fascism promotes Masculine heroism, militarism, discipline, Patriarchy
Women briefly given right to vote until 1925 (Italian Fascists abolished elections).
1920 Mussolini declared that “Fascists do not belong to the crowd of the vain and skeptical who undervalue women’s social and political importance. You will vote!”
Women’s primary role: child-bearers (men were warriors) “war is to man what maternity is to the woman.” Women are the “reproducers of the nation.” It was unnatural for women to have more influence in a relationship with a man
“Battle for Births” gave financial incentives to women who raised large families, policies designed to reduce women employed to allow larger numbers of children
1934, Mussolini declared employment of women was “major aspect of the thorny problem of unemployment”, women working was “incompatible with childbearing.” Solution to unemployment: “exodus of women from the work force.”
1920s, Opera Nazionale Dopolavoro (OND) allowed working women to attend entertainment, recreation events (including sports traditionally played by men). Criticized by Roman Catholic Church, causing “masculinization” of women.
Mussolini responded by restricting women to only “feminine, womanly” sports.

21. Origins and Development of Authoritarian and Single-Party States
Compare and contrast the domestic policies of Kenyatta (Kenya) and Nyerere (Tanzania)
Analyze the social and economic policies of Hitler
In what ways and to what extent did the status of women change in two single party states (each from a different region)
In 1924 Stalin said “the state is an instrument in the hands of the ruling class, used to break the resistance of the enemies of that class.” How did Stalin carry out this belief?
In 1953 Castro declared: “History will absolve me.” To what extent do you agree with this claim?

22. Origins and Development of Authoritarian and Single-Party States
Examine the conditions that led to two single-party states
Compare and contrast the rise to power of one right-wing and one left-wing leader of a single-party or authoritarian state.
Analyze the methods used by either Mao or Peron to maintain power.
Discuss the successes and failures of either Stalin or Sukarno.
In what ways, and with what results, did one ruler use the following: religion, propaganda, and the arts?

23. Decolonization and Independence movements in Africa and Asia
Vietminh, French colonialism, First Indochina War , Geneva Accords, Ho Chi Minh, divided Vietnam, National Liberation Front (NLF), Viet Cong, Emp Bao Dai, Ngo Dinh Diem, Second Indochina War , Ho Chi Minh Trail, SEATO, Le Duc Tho, Cambodia, Laos
The Socialist Republic of Vietnam

24. Leaders in ASIA Emp. Hirohito, Japan (1926-1989)
Chiang Kai-shek: Nationalist, China
, fled to Taiwan
Mao Zedong: People’s Rep of China (PRC)
1949  (loved Stalinism, Communist)
14th Dalai Llama (Tenzin Gyatso) Tibet
Dethroned by PRC invasion, 1950-present
Ho Chi Minh: Demo. Rep. of Vietnam (N)
1945 – 1969 (Communist)
Ngo Dinh Diem: Rep of Vietnam (S)
1955 – 1963 (Democratic? Assassinated by CIA)

25. Decolonization and Independence movements in Africa and Asia
Jinnah, Pakistan
India, Nehru (Gandhi)
Kwame Nkrumah, Ghana (CPP), Angola (1975, Antonio Neto), Rhodesia, Zimbabwe Robert Mugabe
Decolonization: the process by which European colonies become fully developed indep. States (often by war)
Artificial boundaries, ethnic conflict, impact of cold war, socialism vs capitalism, social problems, role of women, urbanization
The ethics of colonization, is there moral justification for imperialism?

26. African Studies: Kwame Nkrumah, Ghana (1)
1948 called for self-govt (from GB)
1949, Convention People’s Party (CPP).
1950, “People’s Assembly” with CPP members, youth, trade unionists, cocoa farmers, and veterans, women’s suffrage. “Positive Action” campaign, civil disobedience, non-coop, boycotts, strikes, arrested 3 yrs
British left the Gold Coast, 1st election: Feb, 1951
Nkrumah 1st leader of indep. Ghana (1957)
1963 Ghana, became charter member of Org. of African Unity, Pan-Africanism

27. Kwame Nkrumah, Ghana (2)
Nkrumah adopted socialistic policies: welfare, community programs, schools, construction of roads, bridges for commerce and communication, improved public health in villages, tap water systems installed, concrete drains for latrines constructed.
Industrial development at any cost, rapidly industrialize economy, escape colonial trade system by reducing dep. on foreign capital, tech, material goods; become indep. Hurt the country’s cocoa sector, many economic projects unsuccessful, or delayed benefits.
1966, The Akosombo Dam (borrowed $$ from USA, debt, raised taxes on farmers) expensive, but today produces most of Ghana’s hydroelectric power.

28. Kwame Nkrumah, Ghana (3)
Striking workers, The Detention Act (laws to arrest innocent people for political gain), clinics ran out of medicine, no one notified him, Police resented their role. Ghana had fallen from one of the richest countries in Africa, to one of the poorest.
Nkrumah had a justifiable fear of assassination.
1964, Nkrumah made constitutional amendment, CPP the only legal party, President for life (99% vote-fraud), now single-party state, dictatorship
1966, Nkrumah visited Vietnam, his govt was overthrown in a military coup (CIA backed)
Today, Nkrumah is one of the most respected leaders in African history.
2000, BCC voted Africa’s man of the millennium.
Never returned to Ghana (Guinea), pushed for African unity, still frightened of western intelligence agencies (CIA), his cook died, he feared poison, began hoarding food in his room. He suspected that foreign agents were going through his mail, and lived in constant fear of abduction and assassination. Died in Romania, medical treatments (skin cancer, 1972)

29. Decolonization and Independence Movements in Africa and Asia
Analyze three factors that fostered the growth of independence movements in either Africa or Asia
What is the exact sexual reproduction cycle of a shark?
Examine the role and importance of leaders, in independence movements, in either Africa or Asia.
In what ways and with what results were either Jinnah or Kwame Nkrumah important in obtaining independence for his country?
In 1942 Ghandi said: “India will have an assembly with powers to draft a constitution after the war is over.” To what extent were Ghandi’s actions and the Second World War responsible for Indian independence?

30. Decolonization and Independence Movements in Africa and Asia
Discuss the importance of two of the following challenges to new states: conflicts with neighbors; social and religious issues; separatist movements.
“Neo-colonialism was a term coined by Nkrumah to describe the ability of Western capitalist powers to retain economic and political control over former colonies.” To what extent did Neo-Colonialism hinder independence and economic progress in former colonies?
To what extent did the Cold War affect independence movements and new states either in Africa and Asia or post 1945 Central & Eastern European States?

31. Nationalist/Indep. Movements in Post-1945 C. & E. Euro
Nationalist/Indep. Movements in Post-1945 C.& E. Euro. States-Poland & Czech
Poland: Curzon Line, show trials, Lech Walesa, Solidarity
Yugo: Josip Broz Tito
Czech: Marshall Aid, De-Stalinization ( ), politburo, Soviet satellite states of Europe, Praque Spring
Brezhnev Doctrine, normalization, Third Way, Charter 77, Vaclav Havel, Dubcek, martial law, the Velvet Revolution 1989

32. Leaders in Europe: Cold War
Josip Broz Tito, Socialist Fed Rep of Yugoslavia
Stood up to Stalin…and lived! (True Socialism)
Alexander Dubcek, Communist Party of Czech
Jan 5-Aug 21, 1968
Prague Spring Revolt against USSR, revolt halted
Lech Walesa, Rep. of Poland
Led “Solidarity” movement against USSR

33. Nationalist/Indep. Movements in Post-1945 C. & E. Euro
Nationalist/Indep. Movements in Post-1945 C.& E. Euro. States-Poland & Czech
Assess the reasons for the growth of movements challenging Soviet control in two Central or Eastern European states
Analyze the role and success of either Vaclav Havel or Lech Walesa in freeing their countries from Soviet control
For what reasons and in what ways did either Hungary or Poland challenge Soviet control.
To what extent did the Cold War affect independence movements and new states either in Africa and Asia or in post-1945 Central and Eastern Europe?

34. The Cold War
Yalta, Potsdam, Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan, Comecon, NATO, Warsaw Pact, Korean War, Non-Aligned Movement (NAM), Suez Crisis, Hungarian uprising, Cuban Missile Crisis, Congo Crisis, Vietnam War, China’s relations with USA/USSR, arms control, détente, end Cold War
Proxy Wars, Lend-Lease, Percentages Agreement, Atlantic Charter, Pearl Harbor, Manhattan Project, Est. of UN, Containment, Truman Doctrine (Truman), George Keenan, Marshall Plan, ERP, Berlin Airlift, NATO, Division of Germany (FRG/GDR), Atomic weapons, Korean War ( ) Kim Il-Sung, Pan-Arabism, Nasser, revisionism, death of Stalin, Eisenhower Doctrine, Mubutu Mobuto, Congo, Brinkmanship, MAD, Deterrence, Domino Theory, Ngo Diem, Kennedy, Johnson, hawks and doves, Nixon, vietnamization, Cultural Revolution, arms race, proliferation, Reagan, Brezhnev Doctrine, social, cultural implications of Cold War, Russification, ideological differences, Monroe Doctrine

35. The Cold War
Berlin Crisis 1961; Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) was JFK successful? Vietnam War ( )
Test Ban Treaty 1963, Outer Space Treaty 1967, Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty 1968
1969, USA: defense costs 39.7 billion, 7% national income; USSR: 42 billion, 15% national income
Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT I) Nov 17, May 1972; Nixon & Brezhnev in Moscow (sign the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty, which did not include MIRVs); SALT II, June 18, 1979, Carter & Brezhnev, Vienna
Success, failures of nuclear disarmament 1970s?

36. The Cold War
Korean War ( ); Berlin Crisis (1961); Cuban Missile Crisis (1962); Vietnam War ( )
USA: Eisenhower (Rep), JFK (Dem), Johnson (Dem), Nixon (Rep), Ford (Rep), Carter (Dem)
Dean Acheson, Secretary of State, Robert McNamara, Secretary of Defense (JFK, Johnson)
USSR: Khrushchev ; Brezhnev
Eastern Bloc, Soviet Socialist Republics, Satellite states, Warsaw Pact, Communist revolutionary movements
West: containment, NATO, détente, massive retaliation, brinkmanship
Superpowers, Space Race, conventional arms, nuclear arms race, proxy wars (hot spots), MAD, arms limitations, Strategic Rocket Forces, ICBM, MIRV (Multiple Independently Targeted Re-entry Vehicles), Anti-Ballistic Missiles (ABMs)

37. The Cold War
Non-Alignment Movement (NAM) 1955, states not formally aligned with or against any major superpower (Nasser, Egypt; Nehru, India; Tito, Yugoslavia) usually developing, third world
Berlin Blockade ( ); Korean War ( ); Berlin Crisis 1961; Cuban Missile Crisis (1962), Space Race, Vietnam War ( ); Soviet War in Afghanistan ( ) Korean flight shot down by USSR 1983; Berlin Wall Falls 1989
Operation Condor, 1975 Argentina, Chile, Uruguay, Paraguay, Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador, Peru
Fall of Wall, Reagan, Gorbachev (glasnost) openness (perestrokia) restructuring, (demokratizatsiya) democratization, (uskorenive) acceleration of economic development, arms limitation, communist regimes rebelling (Poland, Prague Spring, Czech, Tito, Yugo)

38. The Cold War
WWII Wartime conferences: Yalta (Feb 1945) US (FDR), GB (Churchill), USSR (Stalin); Potsdam (July-Aug 1945) US (Truman), GB (Churchill, Attlee), USSR (Stalin)
Why did wartime allies become post-war enemies?
USA policies: Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan, containment, brinkmanship, non-alignment, détente, peaceful coexistence, arms race, arms control, mutual distrust
USSR policies: COMECON (Council for Mutual Economic Assistance), Warsaw Pact
Ideological opposition (USSR/USA), superpowers, spheres of influence, arms race

39. USSR Leaders: Cold War Stalin 1922-1953 (poisoned)
Khrushchev
Brezhnev
Yuri Andropov
Chernenko (13 mo)
Mikhail Gorbechev
openness (glasnost ) removed censorship
reform (perestroika)
END of USSR . . .
Boris Yeltsin , 1st Pres. of Russia Fed.
Vladimir Putin 1999-still in politics

40. Cuba Independence from Spain 1898.
Became rich (sugar plantations, hotels, casinos, beach resorts, playtime paradise for American tourists, businessmen, mafia money)
Agriculture, factory workers very poor, did not share wealth of upper class.
Series of harsh dictators, 1950s Batista took over (corrupt regime)
Fidel Castro, young lawyer, led rebel groups succeeded. Cuban govt nationalized, took over all private business and land. Could only print pro-Castro info. Anyone who disagreed sent to jail. Upper class fled Cuba, settled in Miami renamed the area “Little Havana.”
By 1960s-1970s literacy rates improved, 97% read, write, govt provides all basic healthcare (helped by Che Guevara)
US viewed communist Cuba as threat to America, period of tension between USA and USSR (Cold War) no “hot” military action
USSR sent money, military support, supplies to Cuba (missiles 1962), USSR falls
1994, 20,000 Cubans fled on boats, homemade rafts, left the struggling economy, not enough to eat, clothing medicine, not allowed to speak freely

41. Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)
Intl org. of states not formally aligned with or against any major power bloc
Founded April 1955; 2007 has 118 members
The Initiative of Five:
Josip Broz Tito, Yugoslavia,
Jawaharlal Nehru, India,
Gamal Abdel Nasser, Egypt,
Sukarno, Indonesia,
Kwame Nkrumah, Ghana,
Developing & 3rd World countries, national independence, sovereignty, territorial integrity, security of non-aligned countries in their struggle against imperialism, colonialism, racism, foreign aggression, occupation, domination (2/3 UN, 55% world pop)

42. The Cold War Questions
How important was mutual suspicion and fear in the origin of the Cold War?
“Ideology played a small part in the origin of the Cold War.” To what extent to you agree with this assertion?
Assess the importance of two of the following Soviet policies in the origin and development of the Cold War: Sovietization of Eastern and Central Europe; Comecon; Warsaw Pact;
Compare and contrast the parts played by Korea and Vietnam in the Cold War.

43. The Cold War Questions
In what ways and to what extent did containment affect the development of the Cold War (up to 1970)?
Analyze the part played by either Kennedy or Reagan in the Cold War.
“The non-aligned movement had little impact on Cold War policies ad development.” To what extent do you agree with this assertion?
Discuss the impact of the UN on the Cold War
Evaluate the impact of the arms race on East-West relations
Explain the role and importance of: internal problems, external pressures in causing the break-up of the Soviet Union