1. DIMENSIONING
CHAPTER TEN

2. DIMENSIONING ANGLES
Angles are dimensioned by specifying the angle in degrees and
a linear dimension.
The coordinate method is better when a high degree of accuracy is required

3. DIMENSIONING ARCS, FILLETS AND ROUNDS
A circular arc is dimensioned in the view where its true shape in seen by giving the value for its radius preceded by the abbreviation R. Individual fillets and rounds are dimensioned like other arcs.
FILLETS R6 AND ROUNDS R3 UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED or
ALL CASTING RADII R6 UNLESS NOTED
or simply
ALL FILLETS AND ROUNDS R6.

4. SIZE DIMENSIONS: CYLINDERS
Cylinders are usually dimensioned by giving the diameter and length where the cylinder appears as a rectangle.
Use “Ø” to indicate circular shape
Dimensioning a Machine Part Composed of Cylindrical Shapes

5. SIZE DIMENSIONING HOLES
The leader of a note should point to the circular view of the hole, if possible.
Countersunk, counterbored, spotfaced and tapped holes are usually specified by standard symbols or abbreviations.

6. DIMENSIONING COUNTERBORES AND SPOTFACES WITH FILLETS
When a fillet radius is specified for a spotface dimension, the fillet radius is added to the outside of the spotface diameter,
Counterbored hole with a fillet radius specified.

7. DIMENSIONING CURVES
One way to dimension curves is to give a group of radii.
Both circular and noncircular curves may be dimensioned by using coordinate dimensions,
or datums.
When angular measurements are unsatisfactory, you may give chordal dimensions

8. DIMENSIONING ROUNDED-END SHAPES
For accuracy, in parts d–g, overall lengths of rounded-end shapes are given, and radii are indicated, but without specific values. The center-to-center distance may be required for accurate location of some holes. In part g, the hole location is more critical than the location of the radius, so the two are located.

9. DIMENSIONING THREADS
Local notes are used to specify dimensions of threads. For tapped holes, the notes should, if possible, be attached to the circular views of the holes.

10. DIMENSIONING TAPERS
A taper is a conical surface on a shaft or in a hole. The usual method of dimensioning
a taper is to give the amount of taper in a note, such as TAPER ON DIA (with
TO GAGE often added), and then give the diameter at one end with the length or give
the diameter at both ends and omit the length. Taper on diameter means the difference
in diameter per unit of length.

11. DIMENSIONING CHAMFERS
Achamfer is a beveled or sloping edge. It is dimensioned by giving the length of the offset and the angle, as in Figure 10.51a.
A 45° chamfer also may be dimensioned

12. DIMENSIONING KEYWAYS
The preferred method of dimensioning the depth of a keyway is to give the dimension from the bottom of the keyway to the opposite side of the shaft or hole.

13. DIMENSIONING KNURLS
A knurl is a roughened surface to provide a better handgrip or to be used for a press
fit between two parts. For handgrip purposes, it is necessary only to give the
pitch of the knurl, the type of knurling, and the length of the knurled area.

14. FINISH MARKS
A finish mark is used to indicate that a surface is to be machined, or finished, as on a rough casting or forging. To the patternmaker or diemaker, a finish mark means that allowance of extra metal in the rough workpiece must be provided for the machining.

15. SURFACE ROUGHNESS
Surface finish is intimately related to the functioning of a surface, and proper specification of finish of surfaces such as bearings and seals is necessary. Surface quality specifications should be used only where needed, since the cost of producing
a finished surface becomes greater as the quality of the surface called for is increased. Generally, the ideal surface finish is the roughest that will do the job satisfactorily.
Surface Texture Symbols and Construction. (Reprinted from ASME Y14.36M-1996 (R2002), by
permission of The American Society of Mechanical Engineers. All rights reserved.)

16. LOCATION DIMENSIONS
After you have specified the sizes of the geometric shapes composing the structure, give location dimensions to show the relative positions of these geometric shapes.

17. MATING DIMENSIONS
Mating dimensions should be given on the multiview drawings in the corresponding locations.

18. TABULAR DIMENSIONS
A series of objects having like features but varying in dimensions may be represented by one drawing.

19. COORDINATE DIMENSIONING
A set of three mutually perpendicular datum or reference planes is usually required for coordinate dimensioning. These planes either must be obvious.

20. NOTES
It is usually necessary to supplement the direct dimensions with notes. Notes should be brief and carefully worded to allow only one interpretation. Notes should always be lettered horizontally on the sheet and arranged systematically. They should not be crowded and should not be placed between views, if possible. Notes are classified as general notes when they apply to an entire drawing and as local notes when they apply to specific items.

21. TOLERANCING
C H A P T E R E L E V E N

22. OBJECTIVES Describe the nominal size, tolerance, limits, and
allowance of two mating parts.
2. Identify a clearance fit, interference fit, and transition fit.
3. Describe the basic hole and basic shaft systems.
4. Dimension mating parts using limit dimensions, unilateral
tolerances, and bilateral tolerances.
5. Describe the classes of fit and give examples of each.
6. Draw geometric tolerancing symbols.
7. Specify geometric tolerances.
8. Relate datum surfaces to degrees of freedom.

23. UNDERSTANDING TOLERANCE
Tolerance is the total amount a specific dimension is permitted to vary. Tolerances are specified so that any two mating parts will fit together.
To effectively provide tolerances in your drawings and CAD models, you must:
• Understand the fit required between mating parts.
• Have a clear picture of how inspection measurements are performed.
• Be able to apply tolerance symbols to a drawing or model.
• Apply functional tolerancing to individual features of the part.
The inner workings of a watch are an example of parts that must fit precisely to work. (Courtesy of SuperStock, Inc.)

24. Quality Control
Before paying for parts, most companies have a process to
quality certify (QC) the parts against the drawing or model.
A tolerance must be specified for each dimension so that it can be determined how accurately the part must be manufactured
to be acceptable. The tolerances that you specify are based on the part’s function and fit.

25. Definitions for Size Designation
Definitions of size designation terms that apply in tolerancing.
Feature
Feature of size
Actual local feature
Nominal size Nominal size
Allowance Allowance

26. Variations in Form and Envelope
You can think of tolerance as defining a perfect form envelope that the real produced part must fit inside in order to be acceptable.
Actual minimum material envelope This envelope is the counterpart to the actual mating envelope.
You can sometimes notice variations in form by placing a machinists’ scale along the edge of the part and checking to see whether you can slip a feeler gage between the scale and the edge of the part.

27. Material Envelope continued…
Actual mating envelope The envelope toward the outside of the material, in which the acceptable actual feature must fit. For external parts, like cylinders, this is the perfect feature at the largest permissible size; for internal features, like holes, this is the perfect feature at the smallest permissible size.

28. Implied Right Angles
Implied 90° angles have the same general tolerances applied to them as do any other angles covered by a general note. The exception is when a geometric tolerance is used
for that feature. When geometric tolerances are specified, implied 90° or 0° angles between feature centerlines are considered basic dimensions to which no tolerance applies outside that stated by the geometric tolerance.
The tolerance of plus or minus 1° applies to the
implied 90° angles as well as to the dimensioned angles in the drawing.

29. Fits between Mating Parts
Fit is the range of tightness or looseness resulting from the allowances and tolerances in mating parts. The loosest fit, or maximum clearance, occurs when the smallest internal part (shaft) is in the largest external part (hole),

30. Fits between Mating Parts continued…
Clearance Fit A clearance fit occurs when an internal
part fits into an external part with space (or clearance) between the parts.
Interference Fit An interference fit occurs when the internal part is larger than the external part, so the parts must be forced together.

31. Specifying Fit Using Limit Dimensions
Limit dimensions are a method of directly specifying tolerance by providing dimensions for the upper and lower limits of the feature’s size. The high limit (maximum value) is placed above the low limit (minimum value) in place of the dimension value.

32. Selective Assembly
In selective assembly, all parts are inspected and classified into several grades according to actual sizes, so that “small” shafts can be matched
with “small” holes, “medium” shafts with “medium” holes, and so on.
Selective Assembly… Difference between the sizes of mating parts is exaggerated for visibility.

33. Hole System Toleranced dimensions are commonly
determined using the hole system.
(Lockhart, Shawna D.; Johnson, Cindy M.,
Engineering Design Communication: Conveying Design Through Graphics, 1st, © Printed and electronically reproduced by permission of Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.)

34. Shaft System
In some industries, such as textile machinery manufacturing, which use a great deal of cold-finished shafting, the shaft system is used.
(Lockhart, Shawna D.: Johnson, Cindy M., Engineering Design Communication: Conveying Design Through Graphics, 1st, © Printed and electronically reproduced by permission of Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.)

35. GENERAL TOLERANCE NOTES
“ALL TOLERANCES ±1 mm
UNLESS OTHERWISE NOTED.
ANGLES 1 DEGREE.”
General notes are usually located in the lower right corner of the drawing sheet near the title block. Often, general tolerance notes are included in the title block itself.

36. LIMIT TOLERANCES
Limit tolerances state the upper and lower limits for the dimension range in
place of the dimension values.
Method of Stating Limits
Note: The upper value is always placed above
the lower value.

37. PLUS-OR-MINUS TOLERANCES
• Unilateral when the tolerance applies in only one direction
so that one value is zero; or,
• Bilateral when either the same or different values are
added and subtracted.

38. Angular tolerances
Angular tolerances are usually bilateral and given in terms of degrees, minutes, and seconds, unless geometric dimensioning and tolerancing is used.
Plus/Minus–Toleranced
Decimal Dimensions

39. TOLERANCE STACKING
A Chained dimension uses the end of one dimension as the beginning of the next.
Tolerance stacking refers to the way the tolerance for one dimension is added to
the next dimension in the chain and so on from one feature to the next, resulting in a
large variation in the location of the last feature in the chain.
Baseline dimensioning locates a series of features from a common base feature.
Tolerances do not stack up because dimensions are not based on other toleranced
dimensions.

40. USING AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD LIMITS AND FIT TABLES
The American National Standards Institute has issued ANSI B4.1, Preferred Limits and Fits for Cylindrical Parts, defining terms and recommending preferred standard sizes, allowances, tolerances, and fits in terms of the decimal inch. This standard gives a series of standard classes of fits on a unilateral-hole basis
so that the fit produced by mating parts of a class of fit will produce approximately similar performance throughout the
range of sizes.
Portion of RC8 Fit Table. The International
Organization for Standardization (ISO) publishes a similar series of fit tables for metric values.

41. TOLERANCES AND MACHINING PROCESSES
Tolerances Related to Machining Processes

42. METRIC SYSTEM OF TOLERANCES AND FITS
Terms Related to Metric Limits and Fits.
(Reprinted from ASME B , by permission of The American Society of Mechanical Engineers. All rights reserved.)

43. GEOMETRIC DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING
Geometric tolerances state the maximum allowable variations of a form or its position from the perfect geometry implied on the drawing. The term “geometric” refers to various forms, such as a plane, a cylinder, a cone, a square, or a hexagon.

44. Tolerances and CAD 3D models
SolidWorks software makes
it easy to select surface finish symbols. (Courtesy of Solidworks Corporation.)
Tolerances can be added directly to a 3D model so that it can be used as the digital product definition. (Reprinted from ASME Y , by permission of The American Society of Mechanical Engineers. All rights reserved.)