1. Limmer et al., Emergency Care, 10 th Edition © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ CHAPTER 29 Injuries to the Head and Spine

2. Limmer et al., Emergency Care, 10 th Edition © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Anatomy Review

3. Limmer et al., Emergency Care, 10 th Edition © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Nervous System

4. Limmer et al., Emergency Care, 10 th Edition © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Skull and Facial Bones

5. Limmer et al., Emergency Care, 10 th Edition © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Contents of the Skull Bone Dura mater Arachnoid Pia mater Subarachnoid space Subdural space Intracerebral Epidural space (potential) Dura materArachnoid Skull Pia mater

6. Limmer et al., Emergency Care, 10 th Edition © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Spinal Column DivisionCorresponding Anatomy Number of Vertebrae CervicalNeck7 ThoracicThorax, ribs, upper back12 LumbarLower back5 SacralBack wall of pelvis5 CoccyxTailbone4

7. Limmer et al., Emergency Care, 10 th Edition © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Head Injuries

8. Limmer et al., Emergency Care, 10 th Edition © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Head Injuries – Overview Scalp injuries may bleed profusely. Injuries to the skull may cause damage to the brain and may have an open or closed wound.

9. Limmer et al., Emergency Care, 10 th Edition © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ May occur due to clot or hemorrhage Can cause altered mental status Signs and symptoms similar to traumatic injury (but no trauma) Brain Injury – Nontraumatic

10. Limmer et al., Emergency Care, 10 th Edition © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Signs & Symptoms of Head Injuries Altered or decreased mental status Irregular breathing patterns Mechanism of injury present Continued…

11. Limmer et al., Emergency Care, 10 th Edition © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Contusion, laceration, hematoma, or deformity to the skull Blood/fluid from ears or nose Bruising around eyes, behind ears Continued… Signs & Symptoms of Head Injuries

12. Limmer et al., Emergency Care, 10 th Edition © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Neurologic changes Nausea and/or vomiting Unequal pupil size Decreased heart rate and increased blood pressure Seizures Signs & Symptoms of Head Injuries

13. Limmer et al., Emergency Care, 10 th Edition © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Emergency Care of Head Injuries BSI. Maintain C-spine stabilization. Assess and treat ABCs. Perform initial assessment. Administer high-concentration oxygen. Continued…

14. Limmer et al., Emergency Care, 10 th Edition © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Complete assessment. Immobilize spine with cervical collar. Monitor airway, breathing, pulse, mental status closely. Continued… Emergency Care of Head Injuries

15. Limmer et al., Emergency Care, 10 th Edition © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Control bleeding. Do not apply pressure to open or depressed skull injury. Transport immediately. Reassess vital signs every 5 min. Emergency Care of Head Injuries

16. Limmer et al., Emergency Care, 10 th Edition © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Spinal Injury

17. Limmer et al., Emergency Care, 10 th Edition © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Mechanisms of Spinal Injury Motor vehicle crashes Auto-pedestrian collisions Falls (especially 3+ times patients height) Blunt or penetrating trauma Continued…

18. Limmer et al., Emergency Care, 10 th Edition © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Motorcycle crashes Hangings Diving accidents Unconscious trauma patients Continued… Mechanisms of Spinal Injury

19. Limmer et al., Emergency Care, 10 th Edition © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Mechanisms of Spinal Injury

20. Limmer et al., Emergency Care, 10 th Edition © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Whiplash

21. Limmer et al., Emergency Care, 10 th Edition © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Types of Spinal Injuries Compression Distraction (pulling apart) Lateral bending Flexion, rotation, extension

22. Limmer et al., Emergency Care, 10 th Edition © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Signs & Symptoms of Spinal Injuries Paralysis of the extremities Pain with or without movement Tenderness along the spine Continued…

23. Limmer et al., Emergency Care, 10 th Edition © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Loss of sensation Impaired breathing C–3, –4, –5 keep the diaphragm alive Continued… Signs & Symptoms of Spinal Injuries

24. Limmer et al., Emergency Care, 10 th Edition © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Deformity along spine (rare) Posturing Priapism Incontinence Signs & Symptoms of Spinal Injuries

25. Limmer et al., Emergency Care, 10 th Edition © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Assessing Spinal Injury Questions to ask: What happened? Where does it hurt? Does your neck or back hurt? Continued…

26. Limmer et al., Emergency Care, 10 th Edition © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Questions to ask: Can you move your hands and feet? Can you feel me touching your fingers? Toes? Assessing Spinal Injury

27. Limmer et al., Emergency Care, 10 th Edition © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Assess sensation in all extremities.

28. Limmer et al., Emergency Care, 10 th Edition © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Assess motor function.

29. Limmer et al., Emergency Care, 10 th Edition © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Assess strength – feet.

30. Limmer et al., Emergency Care, 10 th Edition © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Assess strength – hands.

31. Limmer et al., Emergency Care, 10 th Edition © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Treating Spinal Injury Take BSI precautions. Instruct the patient not to move. Stabilize cervical spine & ABCs. Evaluate mechanism of injury. Evaluate hand grip and foot strength. Continued…

32. Limmer et al., Emergency Care, 10 th Edition © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Assess pulse, movement, and sensation in extremities. Assess the neck and spine. Administer high-concentration oxygen. Continued… Treating Spinal Injury

33. Limmer et al., Emergency Care, 10 th Edition © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Apply properly sized cervical spine immobilization device. Apply and secure patient to appropriate immobilization device. Continued… Treating Spinal Injury

34. Limmer et al., Emergency Care, 10 th Edition © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ If proper size collar is not available, use rolled towel and tape. Pad around child as necessary to maintain stabilization. Treating Spinal Injury

35. Limmer et al., Emergency Care, 10 th Edition © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Spinal Immobilization

36. Limmer et al., Emergency Care, 10 th Edition © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Applying a Cervical Spine Immobilization Device

37. Limmer et al., Emergency Care, 10 th Edition © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Stabilize and measure.

38. Limmer et al., Emergency Care, 10 th Edition © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Choose correct collar size.

39. Limmer et al., Emergency Care, 10 th Edition © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Prepare collar.

40. Limmer et al., Emergency Care, 10 th Edition © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Slide collar under chin.

41. Limmer et al., Emergency Care, 10 th Edition © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Secure collar; maintain in-line position.

42. Limmer et al., Emergency Care, 10 th Edition © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Use of Short Spine Boards: Seated Patient

43. Limmer et al., Emergency Care, 10 th Edition © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Short Spine Boards Vest type Rigid short spine board Stabilize head, neck, torso Used for noncritical, seated patient

44. Limmer et al., Emergency Care, 10 th Edition © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Select immobilization device.

45. Limmer et al., Emergency Care, 10 th Edition © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Manually stabilize patients head in neutral, in-line position.

46. Limmer et al., Emergency Care, 10 th Edition © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Assess distal pulse, motor function, and sensation (PMS).

47. Limmer et al., Emergency Care, 10 th Edition © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Apply the appropriately sized extrication collar.

48. Limmer et al., Emergency Care, 10 th Edition © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Position the device behind patient.

49. Limmer et al., Emergency Care, 10 th Edition © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Secure device to patients torso.

50. Limmer et al., Emergency Care, 10 th Edition © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Evaluate and pad behind patients head as necessary. Secure patients head to device.

51. Limmer et al., Emergency Care, 10 th Edition © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Evaluate and adjust straps. As needed, secure patients wrists and legs.

52. Limmer et al., Emergency Care, 10 th Edition © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Use of Long Spine Boards: Supine Patient

53. Limmer et al., Emergency Care, 10 th Edition © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Long Spine Boards Stabilize head, neck, torso, pelvis, and extremities. May be applied in: Lying, standing, and sitting positions Conjunction with short spine boards

54. Limmer et al., Emergency Care, 10 th Edition © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Maintain stabilization; apply collar.

55. Limmer et al., Emergency Care, 10 th Edition © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Prepare and position device.

56. Limmer et al., Emergency Care, 10 th Edition © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Move patient onto board. Apply padding to voids.

57. Limmer et al., Emergency Care, 10 th Edition © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Secure the body, then the patients head.

58. Limmer et al., Emergency Care, 10 th Edition © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Reassess PMS.

59. Limmer et al., Emergency Care, 10 th Edition © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Use of Long Spine Boards: Standing Patient

60. Limmer et al., Emergency Care, 10 th Edition © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Maintain stabilization; apply collar.

61. Limmer et al., Emergency Care, 10 th Edition © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Position board and EMT–Bs.

62. Limmer et al., Emergency Care, 10 th Edition © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Grasp the board after reaching under the patients shoulders.

63. Limmer et al., Emergency Care, 10 th Edition © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Carefully lower patient; then secure the board.

64. Limmer et al., Emergency Care, 10 th Edition © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Rapid Extrication

65. Limmer et al., Emergency Care, 10 th Edition © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Unsafe scene Unstable patient condition Patient blocks EMT–Bs access to an unstable patient Indications Rapid Extrication

66. Limmer et al., Emergency Care, 10 th Edition © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Manually stabilize; apply collar.

67. Limmer et al., Emergency Care, 10 th Edition © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ After putting end of board next to patient, position hands on legs/pelvis and chest/arms.

68. Limmer et al., Emergency Care, 10 th Edition © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Rotate patient and reposition hands.

69. Limmer et al., Emergency Care, 10 th Edition © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Lower patient to board.

70. Limmer et al., Emergency Care, 10 th Edition © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Move patient into position on board.

71. Limmer et al., Emergency Care, 10 th Edition © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Secure patient and transport.

72. Limmer et al., Emergency Care, 10 th Edition © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Helmet Removal

73. Limmer et al., Emergency Care, 10 th Edition © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Indications to Leave Helmet in Place Good fit, little movement No current or expected airway problems Removal would cause further injury Continued…

74. Limmer et al., Emergency Care, 10 th Edition © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Proper immobilization is able to be performed No airway or breathing concerns Continued… Indications to Leave Helmet in Place

75. Limmer et al., Emergency Care, 10 th Edition © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Inability to assess or treat airway and breathing Improper fit/movement within helmet Continued… Indications for Removing Helmet

76. Limmer et al., Emergency Care, 10 th Edition © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Inability to immobilize spine Cardiac arrest Indications for Removing Helmet

77. Limmer et al., Emergency Care, 10 th Edition © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Stabilize head and helmet. Fingers should be on patients mandible.

78. Limmer et al., Emergency Care, 10 th Edition © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Second EMT–B loosens strap.

79. Limmer et al., Emergency Care, 10 th Edition © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Transfer stabilization to second EMT–B.

80. Limmer et al., Emergency Care, 10 th Edition © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Carefully remove the helmet.

81. Limmer et al., Emergency Care, 10 th Edition © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Prevent head from falling once helmet is removed.

82. Limmer et al., Emergency Care, 10 th Edition © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Begin routine stabilization and immobilization.

83. Limmer et al., Emergency Care, 10 th Edition © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 1. List the functions of the components of the nervous system. 2. What are some mechanisms of injury that could cause spinal injury? Review Questions

84. Limmer et al., Emergency Care, 10 th Edition © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 3. List the signs and symptoms of a spinal injury. 4. What questions should you ask if you suspect a patient has a spinal injury? Review Questions

85. Limmer et al., Emergency Care, 10 th Edition © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 5. Describe the emergency care steps for a patient with a spinal injury. 6. Explain when you would use a short spine board. A long spine board. Review Questions

86. Limmer et al., Emergency Care, 10 th Edition © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 7. What are the indications for rapid extrication? 8. What are the indications for leaving a helmet in place? For removing a helmet? Review Questions

87. Limmer et al., Emergency Care, 10 th Edition © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 9. List the signs and symptoms of a head injury. 10. Describe the emergency care steps for a patient with a possible head injury. Review Questions

88. Limmer et al., Emergency Care, 10 th Edition © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ What is your general impression of this patient? What immediate treatment should be provided? S TREET S CENES

89. Limmer et al., Emergency Care, 10 th Edition © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ How should you monitor changing levels of responsiveness in a patient with a head injury? S TREET S CENES

90. Limmer et al., Emergency Care, 10 th Edition © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Sample Documentation