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How do we classify consonants?
How do we make vowels? Prof A. Elhaloui
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Pharyngeal voiceless ћ ع Pharynx voiced
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φ g η m p n b k x v β f P M V labiodental bilabial bilabial alveolar
velar M φ g η m p n b k x v β f oral fricative oral stop nasal stop oral stop V voiceless voiceless voiced voiceless voiced voiced
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voiced voiced voiced lateral
Bi-labial Labiodental Inter-dental alveolar Alveopalatal palatal velar glottal pharyngeal Oral stop P b t d k g ʔ Nasal Fricative m φ β f v θ ð n š Ž ñ X h ћ ʕ Affricate č Ĵ Liquid glide l r j w ʍ voiceless voiced labial anterior coronals voiceless voiced voiceless voiced lateral Non-lateral
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How do we produce vowels?
By raising or lowering the tongue By retracting or advancing the tongue By spreading or rounding the lips By tensing or untensing the mouth
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What about diphthongs? How are they produced?
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