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Dietary Management of GI Disorders

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Presentation on theme: "Dietary Management of GI Disorders"— Presentation transcript:

1 Dietary Management of GI Disorders
ELENA TEJEDOR RD, CNSC Surgery, GI, ENT

2 Potential Causes of Vomiting & Diarrhea
Healthy Gut Function Potential Causes of Vomiting & Diarrhea Nutrition Concerns Dietary Management Goal

3 Stomach & Pylorus(1) Digestion Gastric acid
- denatures proteins, acts as an Antimicrobial - activates pepsin (optimal pH ) - increases bioavailability of calcium, iron, B12 Gastric Lipase (optimal pH 4.5-6) - Digests 10-25% of dietary TG - Secretion ↑ 3x-4x, incompletely compensating for pancreatic lipase deficiency Secretion 2-3L/d Begins with sight, smell,& thought = Cerebral phase ~40% of gastric secretion Gastric fluids=HCl acid, IF, KCl, NaCl, gastric lipase,HCO3, mucin

4 Stomach & Pylorus(1) Reservoir - Stores (1.5-2L) - Grinds < 2mm
Dispenses chyme. Rate determined by: pH, osmolality, consistency, lipid, calorie content ~150kcal/hr, Ileal brake feedback Absorption Niacin, copper, ETOH, drugs

5 Small Bowel – Duodenum(1) Length ~30cm (12 inch) D1-D4
Digestion Fat digestion – critically dependent on simultaneous release of bile salts + pancreatic lipase + calipase, and pH CHO + Protein digestion – Dependent on combined action of pancreatic enzymes + brush boarder enzymes +pH Absorption Calcium, Copper, Iron (10% of PO Iron is absorbed enterically), Folate, Vit D, Zinc (25% absorbed in duodenum + prox jejunum) B12-heptocorrin complex – cleaved by Trypsin, so B12 can bind to IF and be absorbed in Terminal Ileum

6 Gallbladder(1) -Bile Secretion D2 500-600 ml/day
- 95% re-absorbed in Terminal Ileum by active transport & re-cycled via portal circulation (2x/meal) - Maximum bile synthesis 5-10mmol/d, Use 25-30mmol/d - Hepatic excretion of lipid-soluble xenobiotics, drug metabolites, and heavy metals Digestion Lipid digestion / absorption, and fat-soluble vit. absorption Cholesterol homeostasis Conjugated bile acids have limited permeability to cell membranes improving fat absorption. Bile salts ppt at pH <5

7 Composition of Bile (1) Components
Concentration (mmol/L or otherwise stated) Sodium Potassium 3-8 Chloride 70-120 Bicarbonate 20-50 Calcium 1-5 Phosphate 0-1.2 Magnesium 1-3 Iron 2-72 umol/L Copper 12-21 umol/L B12, Vit A, Zinc ? Bile Acids (67% of bile) 5-50 Bilirubin total (0.3% of bile) 1-2 Phospholipid (Lecithin) (22% of bile) 0.5-20 Cholesterol (4% of bile) .5-1 Glutathione 3-5 Glucose 0.2-1 Urea Protein (g/dL) (4.5% of bile) .2-3g/dL

8 Pancreas(1) Secretion Exocrine: L/day of digestive enzymes, bicarb, water, KCL, NaCl ml/minute in rest, 4.0ml/minute post meal Sham Feeding (chew + spit) triggers 50% of normal secretion Effected by location of food entry, if pre-digested, and if enzymes are supplemented Endocrine Hormones –insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, pancreatic polypeptides Digestion Exocrine Amylase (Active pH 6.7-7) & Lipase (Active pH 3.5-6) Trypsinogen -activated to trypsin by Enteropeptidase (Optimal pH ) Procalipase -activated to calipase by trypsin Bicarb

9 Small Bowel(1) Jejunum 2-3M, Ileum 3-4M
Secretion ~ 1.5LFluids/day secreted, ~6L Absorbed Digestion ~90% all nutrient absorption occurs in the first 1-1.5M of SB. Absorption Jejunal Thiamine, Pantothenic Acid, Folic Acid, B6, Riboflavin, Vit A, Vit K, Niacin, zinc Absorption Ileal Vit C, Vit D, B12, Vit K, selenium B12 absorbed within 60cm terminal Ileum Bile Salts re-absorbed within 100cm terminal ileum Adaptive Ability Best in the Ileum -Significant growth of microvilli size & number, and bowel diameter. Special transit biofeedback mechanisms

10 Small Bowel Ileocecal region
Transit Time Ileal Brake –by way of “Neuro Hormone Mediators” delays gastric emptying & slows intestinal transit when undigested CHO and fat reach the ileocecal region IC valve controls the amount and slows the passage of ileal contents into the colon Adaptive Involvement Prevents bacterial overgrowth - Limiting fluid losses & competition for B12

11 Large Bowel(1) Length 1.5 Meters
Absorption 1-1.5L fluid, K, Na, Oxalates, SCFA/MCT, calcium, Vit K, unconjugated Bile Salts Transit Time Entry into colon at ~50ml/hr. ~20 hr Transit time (8hrs ascending colon, 8 hr transverse colon, 4 hrs descending colon) Role in Adaptation Highly Adaptable(1/2 remaining colon = 50cm SB) Increased fluid (5-6L) and electrolyte absorption Colonic Bacteria ferment undigested CHO/Fibre forming ~ kcals/day of short chain FA. Qualitative and quantitative colonic flora changes increasing capacity to metabolize CHO

12 Potential Causes of Emesis & Diarrhea
The Diseased Gut Healthy Gut Function Dietary Intervention Nutrition Concerns Potential Causes of Emesis & Diarrhea

13 Nausea & Vomiting Partial Bowel Obstruction Mass Cancer Bezoar
Adhesions Bowel Edema Crohn’s UC Surgery Gastric Obstruction Edema Gastroenteritis Crohn’s Surgery Pancreatic Pseudocyst Severe Pancreatitis Gastric Dysmotility Hyperglycemia Uncontrolled DM Vagal Nerve Damage Trauma Surgery Cancer Bowel Dysmotility Medication Opioids Loperamide Ileus Surgery Ischemic Bowel

14 OBSTRUCTIONS Duct Obstructions, Hernias, Volvulus, Intussusception, Bowel Edema, Diverticulitis, Adhesions, Cancer

15 Bowel Dysmotility/Obstruction Vagal Nerve Damage (Cranial Nerve X),Bowel Ischemia

16 Likelihood of Resolution
Nausea & Vomiting Things to consider when deciding where and what to feed. Limitations Likelihood of Resolution Location Dietary Intervention Resolution of obstruction Pain / Nausea Medications Vagal nerve damage vs. Ileus Adhesion vs. edema Proximal vs. Distal GIT Small frequent meals Liquids – Blenderized Chew well Low fibre/ Limit poorly digested foods High pro High cal NJ Feeds TPN

17 Inadequate Pancreatic Enzymes
Diarrhea & Bloating Inadequate Pancreatic Enzymes Gastric Hypersecretion Duct obstruction Pancreatitis Pancreatic Resection Maldigestion Gastric Acid Suppression Low Fat Diet Repletion: Fat Soluble Vitamins Calcium, Mg, Zinc Enzyme Replacement Inadequate Bile Salts Duct Obstruction Cholecystitis Minor terminal ileum +IC resection >100cm terminal ileum resection Malabsorption Lower Fat Diet Small Frequent Meals Replete : Fat Soluble Vitamins Calcium, Mg, Zinc /- Cholestyramine Restrict High Oxolate foods

18 Maldigestion & Malabsorption
Diarrhea & Bloating Dumping Syndrome Gastric Bypass Pyloroplasty Maldigestion & Malabsorption Liquids Between Meals Encourage Soluble Fibre Limit Simple Sugars Multiple Small Meals Chew Well

19 Vitamins / Mineral Deficiency Risk Review
B12 Limited IF or gastric acid, TI disease, Bacterial Overgrowth Folate Proximal SB disease/resection. Drugs Iron Proximal SB resection Loss from Chronic bleed Calcium Proximal SB resection, Limited gastric acid Fat malabsorption (insoluble calcium soaps), Vit D deficiency Sodium & Potassium Increased losses from vomiting & diarrhea (rapid transit or bowel resection) Magnesium Rapid transit, Fat malabsorption (luminal binding of Mg with fat) A,D,E,K Fat malabsorption (limited bile, limited pancreatic enzymes) Zinc Rapid transit, Proximal bowel disease (14mg/L stool)

20 MVI with Water-Miscible Versions of Fat-Soluble Vitamins(2)
SourceCF (Aptalis) AquADEK (Aptalis) VITAMAX (Shear/Kershman Laboratories)

21 Pancreatic Enzyme Dosages(2)
Start with 500 units lipase/kg/meal Increase to max of 2,500 units lipase/kg/meal Provide ½ meal dose with snacks Start with 500 units lipase/gram fat Increase to max of 4,000 units lipase/gram fat Caution with doses > 2,500 units lipase/kg/meal or > 4,000 units lipase/gram fat

22 PGSD/Low Fat/Oxalate Foods
Resources PGSD/Low Fat/Oxalate Foods Low Fibre Handouts Search “The Dumping Syndrome Diet” Search “Low Fat Diet” Search “Eating Guidelines for Kidney stones” Diet Handouts: Visit Search “Low Fibre Food Choices for partial Bowel Obstruction” Search “Nutrition After Ileostomy Surgery” Search “What to eat and drink when you have a High Output ostomy”

23 References Feldman, Friedman & Bradt (2010). Sleisenger & Fordtrains Gastrointestinal and liver disease: Pathophysiology, diagnosis, management. (9th ed). Philadelphia,PA: Elsevier Rogers. C.L. (2013). Nutrition management of the adult with cystic fibrosis-Part 1 Practical Gastroenterology. (113), 10-24 Recommended Read: Parrish. C.R (2005) The clinician’s guide to short bowel syndrome. Practical Gastroenterology. (31),

24 Feel free to contact me with questions. Elena.tejedor@vch.ca
THANK YOU Feel free to contact me with questions.


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