2. What is Spinal Cord Injury?What is Spinal Cord Injury?  Spinal cord: bundle of nerves which run through the spine  Damages/injuries cause: loss of sensory input & voluntary/involuntary functions  Two Types of spinal cord injuries:  Traumatic spinal cord injury  Non-traumatic spinal cord injury

3. MedicaLook.com, 2013

4. ChristopherReeve.org

5. Autologous olfactory mucosal cell transplants in clinical spinal cord injury: a randomized double- blinded trial in a canine translational model Nicolas Granger, Helen Blamires, Robin J. M. Franklin and Nick D. Jeffery  Hypothesis: If olfactory mucosal cells (OMC) are transplanted into the spine of a canine with spinal cord injury, then there should be improved fore-hind limb coordination/movement  Purpose: To use olfactory mucosal cells as a prospective therapy for spinal cord injuries  Model: Dogs with spinal cord injuries

6. Granger et al., 2012

7. Measured Variables Dogsforlifex.blogspot.com

8. Cell harvest and culture Multiple-sclerosis-research.blogspot.comGranger et al., 2012

10. Granger et al, 2012

11. Results  Significant data from primary measures, but not from secondary measures  Subjects who received mucosal cell transplant regained some fore-hind coordination/movement  Coordination and movement ≠ restoration of brain control  Coordination may be due to enhanced communication across damaged region of spinal cord  Implies long tract axon improvement, however data suggests otherwise

12. Hopes for Humans?  Humans with spinal cord injury want the recovery of: 1.Arm function 2.Bladder function 3.Sexual function  Olfactory mucosal cell transplant would result in some improvement  Should not be the sole treatment  Transplantation is not the safest for humans

14. Past Studies Deshpande et al, 2006

15. References  A.D.A.M inc: Spinal cord & Brain (image):  Deshpande, D., Kim, Y., Martinez, T., Carmen, J., Dike, S., Shats, I., & Rubin, L. (2006). Recovery from Paralysis in Adult Rats Using Embryonic Stem Cells. Ann Neurol, 60, 32-44.  DogsForLife: A Dog’s Brain (image)  Farlex. “Double-blind study”. Mosby’s Medical Dictionary, 8th Edition. 2009. Elsevier.  Farry, A., Baxter, D. (2012), The incidence and prevalence of spinal cord injury in Canada.: overview and estimates based on current evidence. Rick Hansen Institute & Urban Futures.  Granger N., Blamires H., Franklin R.J., Jeffery N.D. (2012). Autologous olfactory mucosal cell transplants in clinical spinal cord injury: a randomized double-blinded trial in a canine translational model. Brain, 11:3227-37. doi: 10.1093/brain/aws268.  Jefferey, N.D., Lakatos, A., and Franklin, R.J.M. (2005). Autologous Olfactory Glial Cell Transplantation is Reliable and Safe in Naturally Occurring Canine Spinal Cord Injury. Journal of Neurotrama, 22: 1282-1293.  Multiple Sclerosis Research: Olfactory Tissue Diagram (image)