1. The Adaptive Agent Model Liang Xiao and Des Greer School of Computer Science, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK Software Adaptivity through Dynamic Agents and XML-based Business Rules

2. AAM – L. Xiao, D.Greer, SEKE 2005 2 Overview Motivation Other Approaches Our Approach Conclusions Background Example Adapting Business Policy Adapting Business Concepts Adapting Business Collaboration

3. AAM – L. Xiao, D.Greer, SEKE 2005 3 Motivation Software maintenance is very expensive Much of Software Engineering research into making systems easily and economically adaptable Need to make change easier and cheaper! Better still is adaptive –Systems change their behaviour according to their context Combining OO with Agent approach may provide a route to adaptivity

4. AAM – L. Xiao, D.Greer, SEKE 2005 4 Selected approaches to Adaptivity (i) Use of design pattern e.g. Strategy –Predict future behaviour and write code for it –Later select new behaviour –Relies on being able to predict behaviour Co-ordination Contract – externalise coordination as contracts –Evolve by adding/changing contracts –Components still have to be recoded if functionality cannot be achieved via contracts

5. AAM – L. Xiao, D.Greer, SEKE 2005 5 Selected approaches to Adaptivity (ii) Adaptive (Active) Object Model (AOM) –Model system as metadata –TypeObject, Property and Strategy patterns –Create new classes at runtime –Behaviour can be adapted if predicted –BUT Persistence of new objects requires object database Hard coded classes do not represent business model Adaptivity only if future behaviour has been predicted No easily accessible of the ACTUAL system model

6. AAM – L. Xiao, D.Greer, SEKE 2005 6 Selected approaches to Adaptivity (iii) Main concerns are cost and time for maintenance Cheapest (ideal) solution is self-adaptivity Objects are passive Need new approach to move responsibility for change towards the user

7. AAM – L. Xiao, D.Greer, SEKE 2005 7 What’s important? Important in OO: modularity, information hiding … These refer to easy redesign NOT adaptation during operation Much attention on intelligent/autonomous agents for adaptivity –Agents capable of flexible, autonomous action to meet their own objectives

8. AAM – L. Xiao, D.Greer, SEKE 2005 8 Why Agents and Business Rules? Our Hypotheses: –system consisting of agents, where the behaviour can be configured dynamically as policies or rules will provide better adaptivity –Agents are active, unlike objects Objects have static methods, agents have flexibility –Requirements embedded in code are not easily adapted –Rules can be externalised (as XML) and used by agents Externalisation means ease of change

9. AAM – L. Xiao, D.Greer, SEKE 2005 9 Illustrative Example Retailer serves students/staff Policies include certain discounts –e.g. individual students/groups/departments –Customers can become ‘premium’ –Goods ordered have different suppliers and discount may depend on that too –Policies added/amended constantly –Suppose a new attribute ‘credit’ is added later and new policies arise based on the value of that

10. AAM – L. Xiao, D.Greer, SEKE 2005 10 Simple example – change issues 3 categories of change –New business policy e.g. new discount for a certain group –New business concepts e.g ‘credit’ –New business architecture/ collaboration e.g. change to new supplier How can we allow these to be changed?

11. AAM – L. Xiao, D.Greer, SEKE 2005 11 Adapting Business Policy Business policies represented as rules Business rules traditionally often embedded in code / logic 2 categories –Global = apply to whole business domain. These refer to business policy –( Local = apply to individual agents and refer to how they collaborate)

12. AAM – L. Xiao, D.Greer, SEKE 2005 12 Adapting business policy (ii) We use a simple template for global rules IF objectName1.attribute1 op1 value1 THEN objectName2.attribute2 op2 value 2 Priority value3 - ruleId objectName1.attributeName1 op1 value1 objectName2.attributeName2 op2 value2 value3

13. AAM – L. Xiao, D.Greer, SEKE 2005 13 Adapting business policy (iii) IF customer.type == premium THEN customer.discount := 5% Priority 5

14. AAM – L. Xiao, D.Greer, SEKE 2005 14 Adapting business policy (iii) Business Rules Manager Agent (BRMA) oversees the process BRMA gets top- priority rule Message sent to initialising agent for context (i.e. TRUE: <action. Executed FALSE: move to next rule

15. AAM – L. Xiao, D.Greer, SEKE 2005 15 Adapting Business Concepts New objects, new attributes may arise Metadata Editor allows these to be added - customer - name type credit

16. AAM – L. Xiao, D.Greer, SEKE 2005 16 Adapting Business Concepts (ii) New attribute becomes available to business rules editor

17. AAM – L. Xiao, D.Greer, SEKE 2005 17 Adapting Collaboration Agent systems work via collaboration of agents For AAM collaboration should be adaptive Full architecture independence (two-way encapsulation) is the ideal case –i.e. details of where objects will send messages is hidden Architecture Editor defines local rules –Adjusts who ‘talks’ to who and what happens when

18. AAM – L. Xiao, D.Greer, SEKE 2005 18 - saleProcessing retailer business Company Adapting Collaboration (ii) order.isOrderAttractive() = true - send a message - Company.saleProcessing Retailer.proposalProcessing Propose - … 5 - receipt of message - Retailer.orderProcessing Company.saleProcessing Call for proposal - …

19. AAM – L. Xiao, D.Greer, SEKE 2005 19 Adapting Collaboration (iii) Rule definitions contain –Causing trigger event –The data content of the message being received –A series of (condition, action, priority) triplets When an event occurs (usually receipt of a message) –The agent looks at its local rule set and chooses which action to take Collaboration is dynamic –Via the Architecture editor rules are changed and saved as XML and used immediately

20. AAM – L. Xiao, D.Greer, SEKE 2005 20 Belief: the agent that executes the rule updates its beliefwith the information received in the incoming message (business company interest, customer shopping habits, etc.) Event: incoming request message Processing: process the incoming message  Action: ifone ofthe rule conditions is satisfied, then perform a corresponding action with an outgoing message  Rule Outgoing message  a 2 c 1 c 2 c n Check Rule Condition (c 1, c 2, …, c n ) e Message a 2 a 1 a n Rule Specification

21. AAM – L. Xiao, D.Greer, SEKE 2005 21 Evaluation

22. AAM – L. Xiao, D.Greer, SEKE 2005 22 Conclusion Agents retrieve knowledge from business rules –New business concepts (Metadata editor) –Change of business policy (Business Rules Editor) –Change of business architectures (Architecture editor) Adaptivity achieved since the editors define the environment and the system reacts

23. AAM – L. Xiao, D.Greer, SEKE 2005 23 Future vision Some Possibilities –Priorities of rules are learned –Alternative paths are taken as required