1. Introduction to Islamic Finance Its Concepts, Models, Growth and Opportunities
Rachid Ouaich
November 2012

2. The Islamic Finance overview and related core principles
Contents
The Islamic Finance overview and related core principles
The Islamic Financial instruments
Legal and Tax structures
Accounting, auditing, reporting and compliance principles
Our services
Questions
Introduction to Islamic Finance

3. The Islamic Finance overview and related core principles
Islamic Finance Markets highlights
Chronology of modern Islamic Finance
Sharia Structure
Sources of guidance of Islamic Financial Operations
Concept behind Islamic Finance : principles
Supranational authorities governing Islamic Finance
Special feature: Sharia board
Introduction to Islamic Finance

4. The Islamic Finance Markets - highlights
Estimated growth rate of 15-20% per annum.
Sharia compliant assets have reached US$ 1.3 trillion by end of 2011.
Islamic assets close to reach 2% of global financial assets
Industry’s total assets and overseas portfolios estimated to reach US$ 4 trillion by 2020.
Global sukuk volume is estimated to reach US$ 140 bn at year-end 2012
Malaysia remains the biggest Sukuk Market
Introduction to Islamic Finance

5. The Islamic Finance Markets - highlights
56 Islamic countries member of Islamic Development Bank (IDB)
Leading Islamic Finance centres : Bahrain, Dubai/UAE, Kuala Lumpur, Riyadh, Qatar, Singapore, London, Luxembourg
More than 500 Islamic financial institutions operate worldwide in some 75 countries
Top management of Islamic banks not confined to Muslims countries but spread over Europe, the United States, the Far East and the Middle East
In the aftermath of September 11, 2001, there has been a flight of Islamic Capital from the USA to Europe, Asia and also back to the Middle East
Introduction to Islamic Finance

6. Chronology of modern Islamic Finance
1963 : Egypt interest free saving banks, not overtly islamic – invested in trade and industry on the basis of share in profits
1971 : Egypt Nasr social bank
1973 : conference of Islamic countries finance ministers
1975 : Islamic Development Bank, Jeddah, fee based and PLS, revolving capital
Dubia Islamic Bank, UAE, first Islamic commercial bank in the world
1970 : Development in the Gulf (Bahrain, Kuwait), Asia (Malaysia, Philippines and Africa (Nigeria, South Africa) :
Faisal Bank of sudan and Egypt
Bahrain Islamic Bank
Indonesia Islamic Finance House
Al Rahji London
HSBC Amanah
Introduction to Islamic Finance

7. Sharia structure
Introduction to Islamic Finance

8. Sources of Guidance of Islamic Financial Operations
Compliance with Sharia that is derived from three sources :
QURAN (Primary source of Sharia)
SUNNAH (Practices of the Prophet)
IJMA’ (Consensus)
QIYAS (Analogy)
IJTIHAD (reasoning of a group of qualified scholars, which is aimed at adapting Islamic rules to the contemporary world)
Introduction to Islamic Finance

9. Quran Primary source for discerning the laws of God
Binding to Jurists to have the first recourse to the QURAN for answers
Evidence found in other sources are subject to the QURAN
Example : « God has permitted trade and prohibited Riba »
Reference : Surat Al Baqara verse 275
Introduction to Islamic Finance

10. Sunnah - Literally means : « Well-known path »
- Words or Acts of the Prophet
- Sayings of the Prophet (SAW) used to lay down and give moral guidance
- Acts of the Prophet (SAW) which have a legal content (ex: method of praying)
- Tacit approval (silence) of the Prophet (SAW) on the action of one of his companions in his presence or in his knowledge
Introduction to Islamic Finance

11. Ijma’ - Literally means agreement on a matter
- In its technical sense, it means « the consensus of the independant jurists from the Ummah of the Prophet Muhammad (SAW) after his death
- Example : Jurists have reached a consensus (Ijma) that the selling of goods by an party who doesn’t own the goods and without the approval of the goods’ owner is void
Introduction to Islamic Finance

12. Qiyas
- Literally means measuring or estimating one thing in terms of another
- Technically, it is the assignement of the legal rule of an existing case found in the texts of the QURAN, the SUNNAH, or IJMA’ to a new case whose legal rule is not found in these sources.
- Example : « Jurist looked into details of the prohibition of alcohol. After analysis, it was decided that the underlying reason is intoxication . Once this has been defined, the scholars would look at other liquids that intoxicate and extend the legal rule »
Introduction to Islamic Finance

13. Ijtihad - Number of meaning of Ijtihad
- Islamic scholars take into account the customs of a place that adress a problem but are not offensive to Sharia
- In some cases, Islamic Scholars develop their own preference from a solution to an apparently unique problem
- Fundamentaly, it is a personal exercise until other scholars are able to agree with the solution proposed by the innovator.
Introduction to Islamic Finance

14. Authorities on interpretation
- Four different schools of jurisprudence make up the SUNNI world of Islam :
- Maliki : North Africa
- Hanbali : Saudi Arabia and Gulf region
- Hanafi : Eastern Europe and Turkey
- Shaafi’ : Malaysia and South east Asia
- While the Shia world follow their own seperate schools (Mainly Irak and Iran)
- The Islamic Fiqh academy (created in 1981 by the Organisation of Islamic Countries) is a body which meets periodically to discuss issues originated from Islamic thinking
- Sharia scholars or Sharia Board
Introduction to Islamic Finance

15. Islamic Finance Principles - Concept
No intrinsic value in money :
Money as a way of exchange and a store of value not subject to trade
Fundamental principle :
Risk sharing partnership => Profit and Loss Sharing (PLS)
basically, no pain no gain
Introduction to Islamic Finance

16. Islamic Finance Principles - Rationales
Requirements
Rationale
Asset backed
Transactions must be backed by tangible assets
Prohibition of payment/receipt of Riba
Prohibition of interest as incremental of debt
Prohibition of activities
Considered harmful to the society (e.g. alcohol, pork, weapons, drugs, pornography business, etc…)
Prohibition of Gharar (uncertainty) and Maysir (gambling)
Subject of contract must exist, must be specifiable and measurable. Speculative trading in financial instruments is prohibited
Profit/Loss Sharing
The bank act as an agent/partner with the depositor who is entitled to share the gains/loss of the investment
Sharia Compliant Transaction
Introduction to Islamic Finance

17. Islamic Finance Principles – Riba
- Literally means « excess »
- Prohibition of payment/receipt of Riba interest as incremental of debt
- 2  types of Riba :
- Primary form : Riba al Naseeyah
=> Excess resulted from predetermined interest which a lender receives over and above the principal amount
- Second form : Riba al Fadl
=> Excess compensation without any conisderation resulting from an exchange or sale of goods (exchange of commodities contracts)
Introduction to Islamic Finance

18. Islamic Finance Principles – Ethical dimension
- Undesirable sectors :
Tobacco
Alcohol
Arms or munitions
Gambling
Pornography
Conventional financial services
- Charitable aspects :
Interests donated to charity (cleansing / purification)
Zakat – charitable tax paid by muslims according to Quranic guidance
Introduction to Islamic Finance

19. Islamic Finance Principles – Gharar and Maysir
- Gharar literally means « overall uncertainty »
- Maysir means « gambling »
- May be defined as preventable ambiguities or omissions in contracts
=> ex : Buying a house , the price of which need to be specified in the future or price is fixed but specification is to be defined in the future
- Consequence of this principle : Buying and selling in most types of derivatives products for any purpose including speculation is strictly forbidden
Introduction to Islamic Finance

20. Islamic Finance Principles - Contracting
- Aqd litterally means contract
- Majority of scholars defined the following requirements :
Contracting parties (Mature and sane)
Subject Matter (Valuable, Existence, Ownership, Ability to deliver, Specific)
=> consequence : speculation like short selling is forbidden
Offer and acceptance : consent of the parties is fundamental element in concluding a contract
Price : should not be uncertain or depending on future events
- Classification of contracts :
Sahih litterally means « valid » which could be either :
Nafiz : enforceable
Mawqoof : unforceable until authorized
Fasid : voidable
Batil : invalid
Introduction to Islamic Finance

21. Islamic Finance Principles - Implications
All products need to be approved by the Sharia scholars
This may have sevral implications :
Costs
Timing
Latitude of flexibility
Introduction to Islamic Finance

22. Basic Difference between Islamic and Conventional Modes of Finance
Islamic finance
Goods
Goods
Goods
Goods
Goods
Supplier
Bank
Client
Buyer
Sale : 100
Sale 2 : 110
Sale 3 : 100
Credit sale or Murabaha
Introduction to Islamic Finance

23. Special feature : Sharia board
One distinct feature of the modern Islamic banking movement is the role of the Sharia boards
boards made up of Islamic jurists and scholars available to an Islamic financial institution for guidance and supervision in the development of Sharia compliant products, which have to approve all transactions :
Sharia board ensures that investments structures are in line with Islamic law
Sharia board has the responsibility of laying down the underpinning Sharia principles and rules that the institution should adhere to
Sharia board Publish annually, a report concerning the level of Sharia'a compliance of the entity
The Sharia Board is not responsible for:
Shareholders’ money
Funds operation management
Funds portfolio management
Introduction to Islamic Finance

24. Supranational authorities governing Islamic Finance
- AAOIFI (1991) : Accounting and Auditing Organisation for Islamic Financial institutions
=> Benchmark of islamic accounting and auditing standards (56 standards)
- IFSB (2002) : Islamic financial Services Board
=> Standard setting body of regulatory and supervisory agencies (complementing BASEL II Capital Accord)
- IIFM (2001) : International Islamic Financial Market
=> Development of Global Islamic capital and money market
- GCIBFI (2001) : General Council for Islamic Banks and Financial Institutions
=> Promoting industry in theory and practice
- LMC (2002) : Liquidity Market Council
=> Creation of active Islamic inter-bank market
- IIRA (2005) : International Islamic Rating Agency
=> Rating of Islamic Financial institutions
Introduction to Islamic Finance

25. The components of the Islamic Banking and Finance industry
1) Banks
- Investment & Investment management
=> ex : BLME, Bank Al Khair, NBAD
- Generic Banking services (current accounts, transfers, credit cards, home finance, etc.)
=> ex : HSBC Amanah, Islamic Bank of Britain
2) Equity and Capital Markets
3) Insurance companies : Takaful
Introduction to Islamic Finance

26. Operating structures of Islamic Banks
1) Window model
=> Operating structure where a conventional bank simultaneously carries out Islamic Financial activities but assure clients of segregated accounting and operations for conventional and islamic activities (ex : BNP Paribas Bahrain)
2) Branches
=> Similar to window model but services are offered through dedicated channels
3) Subsidiaries
=> Seperate legal entity (subsidiary) set up specifically to undertake Islamic Financial services activities – Formulate and manages its own policies
4) Fully-fledged islamic banks
=> Pure Islamic banks which offers only Islamic Financial services
Introduction to Islamic Finance

27. Balance Sheet of an Islamic Bank
Assets
Cash & equivalents
Murabaha financing
Mudarabah financing
Musharakah Financing
Sukuk
Assets for trading (securities, inventory,other assets)
Invetsments (not for trading)
Other assets
Fixed asets
Liabilities
Customer current accounts (not remunerated)
Due to banks and financial institutions
Payables
Other liabilities
Sukuk issued
Profit sharing Invetsment Account (restricted vs unrestricted)
Equalization reserve
Share Capital & Reserves
Introduction to Islamic Finance

28. The Islamic Financial instruments
Islamic monetary instruments
Islamic debt-like instruments
Islamic asset-like instruments
Hybrid Islamic Finance instruments
Takaful (Insurance)
Introduction to Islamic Finance

29. The Islamic Financial instruments
Introduction to Islamic Finance

30. Islamic Monetary instruments
- Current accounts
- Term deposits or PSIA (Profit Sharing Investment Account)
- Tawarruq
- Arbun
Introduction to Islamic Finance

31. Islamic Monetary instruments – Current accounts
- Used for day to day cash management. No return is paid to depositors
- Used for higher return savings account
- Banks may sometimes pay a return, depending on their own profitability.
- Losses are not in practice passed on to depositors and are absorbed trough the banks’ reserves
- 3 forms :
- Amanah form (applied globally)
=> entrusted to the bank for safekeeping and should e returned in whole
- Wadia form (applied in Malaysia)
=> Wadia is a promise to return the money to the depositor
- Qard hassan
=> loan without interest or yield between the client and the bank
- Complete segrergation of funds and no overdrat facility on these acounts
Introduction to Islamic Finance

32. Islamic Monetary instruments – Term deposits or PSIA
- PSIA = Profit Sharing Invetsment Account
=> These are specific to Islamic Finance industry
- Considered as investment accounts under the mudaraba format
=> Islamic banks receive funds from the PSIA holders who place their funds on the basis of the mudaraba profit and loss sharing bearing account
- Deposits are fixed term and cannot be cashed in before maturity (some exceptions)
- The profit-sharing ratio varies between institutions and could be a function of the banks profitability or that of the portfolio of end borrowers
- Can be Restricted or Unrestricted
- Application of equalization reserves
Introduction to Islamic Finance

33. Islamic Monetary instruments – Term deposits or PSIA
- Restricted :
- Like collective investment scheme
- The asset allocation is restricted as set out in the contract
- No secondary market butinvetsors may be able to to withdraw their funds (including unredistributed profits but less any losses) before maturity with the agreement of the bank
- The scheme is not a seperate legal entity but operates as a mudaraba agreement (bank = mudarib and client = rab al mal)
- The bank is entitled to a percentage of the invetsment income for a financial period as its fee for investment management but does not share in any periodic losses
Introduction to Islamic Finance

34. Islamic Monetary instruments – Term deposits or PSIA
- Unrestricted :
- The asset allocation is not restricted by contract. The bank as a mudarib will place the funds in any Sharia compliant investment at its sole discretion.
- Less risky than the restricted PSIA as the bank tries to mitigate the risk by placing money in a basket of Sharia compliant investments
- Lack of transparency
- Corporate governance issue as the funds from the holders are co- mingled with other funds at the baks disposal => possible conflict interests with regard to the choice and riskiness of investments and the allocation of the income from those investments
- Different applications in different countries
Introduction to Islamic Finance

35. Islamic Monetary instruments – Tawaruq
- Contract whereby the bank sells to its client a commodity with a forward payment (also called reversed murabaha)
- The client sells it immediately to a third party on spot generating therewith some cash availabilty
- Usually no exposure on market to the price risk fluctuation of the commodity as actions (i) to (iv) are undertaken simultaneously
Introduction to Islamic Finance

36. Islamic Monetary instruments – Arbun
- Pre-purchase of right to acquire asset :
- Deposit/down payment for the purchase of an asset at a later date which will be kept by the seller in case the sale does not happen. This down payment constitues a part of the purchase price and thus is not refundable.
- Because of its similarity to an option, it has met with varying levels of approval from the school of islamic jurisprudence
- Usually combined with a murabaha product
- Most acceptable to Hanbali scholars
Introduction to Islamic Finance

37. Islamic Debt like instruments
- Murabaha
- Ijara
- Salam
- Istisna
Introduction to Islamic Finance

38. Islamic Debt like instruments - Murabaha
- Literally means « profit »
- Contract where the bank upon request by the customer purchases the asset from a third party and resells it to the customer on a deferred payment basis
- Sale of goods at cost plus an agreed profit mark up
- Difference between a murabaha and a loan :
The bank must have some form of actual ownership constructive or physical
The maturity can be extended but may not result in an increase in the mark-up or a penelaty fee. Any of these would violate the basic principle riba
If the payment is late, no form of penalty may be charged for the profit of the creditor (even though a tird party colection agent can recover costs of collection
Introduction to Islamic Finance

39. Islamic Debt like instruments - Murabaha
Definition of needs and goods specifications
Binding promise to buy which can be structured using Arbun
IB buys the goods at spot from the seller
Spot Delivery of goods to the Bank
Spot Delivery of goods to the Client
Payment of instalments or deferred payment at P + margin
=> Profit declared as a mark-up
=> Buyer knows seller’s cost
Introduction to Islamic Finance

40. Islamic Debt like instruments – Commodity Murabaha
Introduction to Islamic Finance

41. Islamic Debt like instruments – Commodity Murabaha
1. Islamic bank instructs the conventional bank as agent to invest say US 10 million for one month.
2. The conventional bank buys a commodity from a broker A, value spot on behalf of the Islamic bank.
3. The conventional bank sells the commodity at cost plus mark-up on a deferred payment basis (one month) to Broker B. Buying and selling is very fast (less market fluctuation exposure)
4. On maturity (in one month) the conventional bank pays to the Islamic bank profit (mark up) plus the original investment of US 10 million.
5. Commission will be payable to the conventional bank as agent (approximately 25 basis points) and to the commodity brokers (approximately $50 per 1 million of the commodity) on buying and selling the commodities. These commissions will be built into the price quoted to the Islamic bank are not accounted for separately.
6. The mark-up is typically based on the LIBOR as a benchmark which makes these transactions comparable to traditional interbank deposits.
Introduction to Islamic Finance

42. Islamic Debt like instruments – Ijara
- literally means to give something on rent.
- Ijara contract is an agreement wherein a lessor (mu’ajjir) leases physical asset or property to a lessee (musta’jir) who receives the benefits associated with ownership of the asset against payment of predetermined rentals (ujrah). Ijara is for a known time period called ijara period.
- utilized by banks as a mode of financing to provide the customers with short to medium-term financing to lease
- Ijara is comparable (but not identical) to conventional leasing contract.
- Ijara is less risky as compared to other financing structures
- Liability is known from day one – No surprises or uncertain exposure.
- Strict compliance with Sharia and the applicable law is required for enforceability.
Introduction to Islamic Finance

43. Islamic Debt like instruments – Ijara
Customer
Islamic Bank
Step 1
Promise to
lease
Step 3
Acquisition of the Property
through purchase agreement
Step 4
Purchase Price
Title & Possession to
the Property
Step 6
Lease
Rental
Step 5
Lease of the Property
to the customer through
Lease Agreement
Usufruct of the Property
Step 2
Purchase Offer
Owner / Developer
Introduction to Islamic Finance

44. Islamic Debt like instruments – Ijara
Ijara: 3 types
Simple Ijara (Operating lease)
Ijara Muntahia Bittamleek (Finance lease)
Ijara Mawsoofa Bil Thimma (Forward lease)
Simple Ijara :
Commonly known as operating lease. Also called a service lease, or a true lease.
It is a short-term arrangement.
Full cost of the equipment or property is not amortized during the primary lease period.
Lessee may cancel the lease any time he wishes to do so, with a prior notice according to the contract.
In an Ijara, the title of the equipment or property always remains with the lessor irrespective of how much the lessee has paid out as lease installments. Consequently, the risks and responsibilities of ownership are always borne by the lessor.
Ownership of the asset remains with the lessor (bank), the asset reverts to the bank at the end of the lease period. The bank may then lease it out to another customer if the asset is in good shape.
Introduction to Islamic Finance

45. Islamic Debt like instruments – Ijara
Ijara Muntahia Bittamleek
commonly known as financial lease
Also called “Ijara-thumma-al-Bay‘” (lease-sale) or "Ijara-wa-Iktina'a"
The lessee is offered the option of ultimately purchasing the asset or property at the end of Ijara period at a predetermined price.
Full cost of the asset or property is amortized during the lease period.
Can not be cancelled except if the lessor is compensated for any losses.
The bank remains the owner till the very end bearing all the risks and responsibilities
The customer is responsible for only the rentals as long as he uses the equipment or property. He becomes the owner only if, and when, he exercises his option
This Ijara involves two different contracts to be executed at two different stages :
First a leasing contract (ijara) with a unilateral promise (wa’ad) to sell the asset to the customer at a predetermined price.
Once the lease expires and lessee has made all payments, the lessor is obliged to fulfill his promise to sell by executing the contract of sale (bay’)
the sale contract is independent of the ijara contract.
Introduction to Islamic Finance

46. Islamic Debt like instruments – Ijara
Ijara Mawsoofa Bil Thimma
Commonly known as forward lease
Lease of specified items which are to be delivered after manufacturing or construction
Lease of the underlying assets starts on the date of delivery of the asset to the lessee and the lessee’s obligation to pay rental triggers with the commencement of the lease.
An investor receives return on its investment out of the amount received from the lessee on account of rental which is adjusted against the actual rental.
Although investment in assets under construction through may not be free from certain downsides, it still has potential to serve both the parties, i.e. customer and financier – addressing the Project Financing requirements.
Appropriate structure for project financing
Introduction to Islamic Finance

47. Islamic Debt like instruments – Ijara vs Murabaha
- Ijara, like murabaha is a debt-based financing. In both cases, the bank is not a natural owner of the asset (sold under murabaha or given in lease under ijara.) It acquires ownership upon receiving a request from its customer.
- Similar to murabaha, the ijara rentals are also paid in installments over time to cover the cost of the asset or value of investment for the bank plus a fair return on investment.
- In ijara, ownership of property is not transferred throughout the ijara period while the customer receives the benefits of using the asset.
- In murabaha on the other hand, the benefits and risks of ownership of the asset are transferred to the customer along with ownership.
- Both products involve cash outflows for customer or cash inflows for the bank over a definite future time period. Those flows are cover the cost of the asset and provide for a fair return on the asset to the bank.
- However, these cash flows are predetermined in case of murabaha and no subsequent increase or decrease is allowed. In case of ijara, however, the rentals could be flexible and be made to reflect the changing economic and business conditions
Introduction to Islamic Finance

48. Islamic Debt like instruments – Ijara vs Murabaha
Different reasons why a customer will choose ijara (leasing) rather than murabaha (borrowing) from the bank to purchase the needed asset.
1. It is easier to lease than borrow for short-term needs.
2. To avoid different types of risk
3. Ijara mostly do not require credit evaluation.
4. Gives more freedom of changing equipment as technology advances
5. Easier to get finance through leasing for companies with credit standing; these kinds of companies may not be able to borrow from banks or the public and if they do, have to pay high rate of interest.
6. In many cases, leases can be advantageous from taxing point of view. Since equipment leased remains the ownership of the lessor and hence the lessor pay the taxes.
7. In many countries, leasing is an off-balance-sheet financing. The asset itself is kept on the lessor's balance sheet, and the lessee reports only the required rental expense for use of the asset.
Introduction to Islamic Finance

49. Islamic Debt like instruments – Salam
Purchase or sale of a commodity for deferred delivery in exchange for immediate payment
Introduction to Islamic Finance

50. Islamic Debt like instruments – Istisna
Customer
Islamic Bank
Step 1
Promise to
Purchase on
Parallel Istisna
basis
Step 3
Purchase of the described Property
through Istisna Agreement
Step 4
Istisna Purchase Price
Delivery of the described
Property after completion
Step 6
Purchase
Price
Step 5
Sale of the described
Property on Parallel
Istisna basis
Delivery
to the Customer after
at completion
Step 2
Purchase Offer
Owner / Developer
Introduction to Islamic Finance

51. Islamic Debt like instruments – Istisna
Agreement for manufacturing goods and commodities, allowing cash payment in advance and future delivery of the goods and commodities or a future payment and future delivery
In Istisna sale, the seller sells a described property to be delivered to the purchaser once the same is completed.
Istisna requires combination of either lease of the purchased assets back to the seller or sale of the purchased assets to the customer, provided that the purchase is not from the same customer.
Introduction to Islamic Finance

52. Islamic Debt like instruments – Salam vs Istisna
- There are number of differences :
Under Salam, deliverables have commodity-like characteristics and must be fungible like base metals or grain
Under Istisna, deliverables are manufactured goods or constructed property
Under Istisna, the proce may be paid in advance, according to progress or in instalments post delivery
Under Salam, the price must be paid in advance
Under Salam, the contract may be cancelled
Under Istisna, the contract may be cancelled unilaterally before work starts
Introduction to Islamic Finance

53. Islamic Equity like instruments
Mudaraba
Musharaka
Investment in equities is acceptable if the fund does not invest in prohibited activities (industrial screening) and underlying respect the financial ratios (financial screening)
Purification : For interest on cash and underlying not 100% sharia compliant
Partnership in profit between Capital and Work
Agreement in which the investor (the rab- al-mal) provides the necessary finance while the recipient (mudarib or manager) provides professional, managerial and technical know-how towards carrying out the venture, trade or service with an aim of earning profit
Form of partnership between the Islamic Bank and its client
Each party contributes capital in equal or varying degrees, to establish a project or share in an existing one
Introduction to Islamic Finance

54. Sharia compliant equities
Islamic stocks selection
(Industry “sin” screen)
Conventional Banking and Insurance
Alcohol (including distribution)
Pork (complete supply chain)
Weaponry (complete supply chain)
Gambling (Hotels, casinos, …)
Adult entertainment (complete supply chain)
Islamic stocks selection
(Financial screen)
Total Debt / market capitalization < 33%
Interest income / Total revenue < 5%
Account receivables / Total assets < 45%
Ratios used by DJIM (Dow Jones Islamic Market)
FTSE Global Islamic Index use the following :
Total Debt / Total Asset < 33%
Introduction to Islamic Finance

55. Mudaraba Investor (Rab el Mal) : Expert-Manager (Moudarib) :
invests the capital
has an absolute right to information
risks loosing the capital
Expert-Manager (Moudarib) :
- invests expertise
- empowered alone to make business
decisions
- doesn’t share financial losses (Looses time and efforts)
=> Similar to discretionary asset management
Introduction to Islamic Finance

56. Two-tiers mudaraba
Introduction to Islamic Finance

57. Musharaka
Profit sharing and loss sharing contracts - Capital quantified and specific
- Profit distribution as per contract
- Losses repartition as per share of capital
Musharaka Contract between X and Y:
- X Investment: USD
- Y Investment: USD
- Profit repartition: X 70%, Y 30%
Project generates USD profit :
- X receives: USD
- Y receives: USD
Project looses USD :
- X looses: USD
- Y looses: USD
Introduction to Islamic Finance

58. Hybrid Islamic Financial instruments
Sukuk
Structured Product
Sukuk are certificates of equal value representing common title to shares and rights in tangible assets, usufructs and services, or equity of a given project or equity of a special investment activity
14 types of sukuk foreseen by AAOIFI
Asset based (90% of issues) vs Asset backed
Asset backed refers to securities/Sukuk backed by income generating assets sold/transferred by an originator to a buyer/issuer (usually an SPV);
The main source of repayment => revenue from underlying Sukuk assets;
Securitization
Combination of two or more plain vanilla products
Introduction to Islamic Finance

59. Sukuk (Islamic Bonds) Saudi Electricity Company (SEC) Sukuk
• Sukuk Assets comprise : - the right to undertake the following services for 20 years:
→ Reading electricity consumption and maintaining meters
→ Preparing, issuing & distributing electricity bills and the corresponding entitlement to levy charges according to the applicable regulation (CMR 169).
- and the right to levy and receive the charges relating to them
• The instrument is tradable during its life
• SEC appointed to continue to manage the services
• For certain Specified Customers only (exclude industrial, agricultural and governmental customers)
Introduction to Islamic Finance

60. Sukuk (Islamic Bonds)
Introduction to Islamic Finance

61. Takaful (Islamic insurance)
Takaful literally means “guaranteeing each other”
Sharia compliant alternative to conventional insurance
Can be thought of as a mutual insurer within a shareholder wrapper i.e. the shareholders operate the company on behalf of the policyholder and any insurance surplus is distributed back to the policyholders
Based on solidarity, co-operation & mutuality
Products are broadly similar to conventional insurance
Free of uncertainty (‘gharar’), gambling (‘maisir’) and interest (‘riba’)
Investments must be Sharia compliant (Sukuk bonds, collective investment schemes etc)
In theory and in practice in the more mature Islamic Finance economies, it is price competitive with equivalent conventional products
Insurance deficit will be financed with Qard Hassan (interest free loan)
The interest free loan will be paid as soon as surpluses arise
Introduction to Islamic Finance

62. Takaful (Islamic insurance)
Conventional Insurance
Takaful Company
Contributions
Premiums
Investment Income
Capital & Reserves
Investment Income
S/H Fund
Capital
P/H (or Takaful)
Fund
Reserves
Fees & Loan
Claims Expenses Reinsurance
Expenses
Claims ReTakaful
Introduction to Islamic Finance
PricewaterhouseCoopers

63. Legal & Tax structures Overview of Islamic Funds industry
Introduction to Islamic Finance

64. Accounting, auditing, reporting and compliance principles
AAOIFI – Introduction
AAOIFI & IFRS - Comparison on structural objectives
AAOIFI & IFRS - Categories of accounting standards for IFIs
AAOIFI & IFRS - Examples of main differences
Adoption of AAOIFI Standards
How AAOIFI Standards support Islamic Finance Industry
Compliance and reporting requirements
Introduction to Islamic Finance

65. AAOIFI - Introduction
- Responsible for formulation and issuance of international Islamic finance standards.
- Has issued 68 standards : 25 accounting standards;
5 auditing standards;
6 governance standards (incl. on Shari’a supervision);
2 codes of ethics;
30 Shari’a standards (rules for application of Shari’a).
- Also developing new standards and reviewing existing standards.
- Supported by over 170 institutional members from over 35 countries.
- Members include central banks and regulatory authorities; Islamic and conventional financial institutions; accounting and auditing professions; and Islamic financial support services providers.
Introduction to Islamic Finance

66. AAOIFI & IFRS - Comparison on structural objectives
Introduction to Islamic Finance

67. AAOIFI & IFRS – Categories of standards for IFIs
1. AAOIFI standards issued because IFRS / IASB standards cannot be adopted in whole by Islamic financial institutions (IFIs)
=> Cases where application of IFRS / IASB standards leads to Shari’a compliance issuesdo not fully cover characteristics of Islamic banking and finance.
=> AAOIFI’s FAS 1 (General Presentation and Disclosure in Financial Statements of IFIs) covers IAS 1 (Presentation), 7 (Cash Flow), 18 (Revenue), etc.
2. AAOIFI standards issued for specific Islamic banking and finance practices that are not covered by IFRS / IASB standards
=> Financial transactions and practices are unique to Islamic banking and finance
=> AAOIFI’s FAS 2 (Murabaha & Murabaha to the Purchase Orderer), FAS 7 (Salam & Parallel Salam).
3. IFRS / IASB standards that can be adopted by IFIs
=>IAS 10 (Events after Balance Sheet Dates), IAS 24 (Related Party Disclosures).
Introduction to Islamic Finance

68. AAOIFI & IFRS – Example of main differences
PSIA (Profit Sharing Investment Account) :
- IFI’s major source of funds generally managed by IFI based on Mudaraba investment management profit-sharing agreement.
- Under Mudaraba investment management, IFI is not liable for loss arising from investments (except due to IFI’s misconduct, negligence, etc) – based on AAOIFI Shari’a standard.
- AAOIFI accounting standards require ‘unrestricted’ investment account funds to be presented in statement of financial position as a separate item between liabilities and owners’ equity.
- In contrast, based on IFRS, these would be presented as liabilities (along with other deposits).
IJARA (Leasing) :
- IFI’s major financing mechanisms : Operating Ijarah and Ijarah Muntahia Bittamleek (leasing that ends with transfer of asset ownership to lessee).
- For both, asset ownership rests with IFI throughout the lease term.
- In Ijarah Muntahia Bittamleek, there must be independent contract for transfer of asset ownership.
- As per AAOIFI accounting standards both Operations needs to be treated similar to Operating Lease.
- In contrast, based on IFRS, both operations (especially if lease term is for major part of economic life of lease asset) would normally be classified and treated as Finance Lease.
Introduction to Islamic Finance

69. Adoption of AAOIFI standards
AAOIFI standards are mandatory in 9 jurisdictions (and supranational entity) :
Bahrain, Dubai International Financial Centre, Jordan, Qatar, Qatar Financial Centre, Sudan, South Africa (for investment management), Syria, and Islamic Development Bank Group.
AAOIFI standards are also adopted as guidelines or basis for national standards in jurisdictions including :
Brunei, Indonesia, Kuwait, Lebanon, Malaysia, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, and United Arab Emirates.
Overall, AAOIFI standards are used by all IFIs across the world.
Introduction to Islamic Finance

70. How AAOIFI standards support Islamic Finance industry
Introduction to Islamic Finance

71. AAOIFI standards – challenges and issues
- Global adoption of AAOIFI standards
• In some countries, the standards are adopted in entirety and made mandatory by relevant national authorities.
• In others, they are adopted as basis of local standards issued by national authorities.
• Adopted in all major Islamic finance centres.
• Challenges in achieving global adoption include prohibitive local framework and differing Islamic
finance practices.
- Application of Sharia standards
• Some jurisdictions do not have national framework for Sharia application on Islamic finance practices.
• AAOIFI Sharia standards are for Islamic finance practices that have been accepted internationally.
• Diversity in Islamic finance practices means there are practices that have not been covered by AAOIFI Sharia standards.
Introduction to Islamic Finance

72. AAOIFI standards – challenges and issues (continued)
- Adequacy of AAOIFI standards
• AAOIFI has to keep up with new products and services introduced in the markets.
• Development of standards depends on Shari’a pronouncement for such products and services.
• Meanwhile, existing standards must be constantly reviewed to reflect market development.
- Scope of AAOIFI standards
• AAOIFI standards are only for Islamic financial institutions.
• AAOIFI standards are not designed for adoption by customers of Islamic financial institutions.
• Development of general Islamic accounting standard – requires broadening of role and mandate of AAOIFI.
Introduction to Islamic Finance

73. Compliance and reporting requirements
- Interest bearing cash or investments are not authorized
- In case of interests earned, this will be purified in the cleansing process
- No overdraft on cash. In case of Interests, these will be compensated to the fund by originator.
- Islamic stocks selection : - Industrial screening (sectors prohibited)
- Financial screening (debt leverage ratios)
Non compliant stocks :
- Fluctuation of financial data
- Evolution of the global financial market
- Mergers and acquisitions
- Temporary non-compliance => Stocks remain within the stocks universe
- Short-term non-compliance => The dividends for the period are not distributed
- Permanent non-compliance => Disinvestment occurs
Introduction to Islamic Finance

74. Compliance and reporting requirements (continued)
- Signed Sharia Board report needs to be included in the financial statemens to be compliant with AAOIFI standards
- Cleasing to be performed :
- Purification of interest received (on overdrafts)
- Purification non-compliant portion of dividend income received (calculated using financial ratios data
- Can be linked to partial non compliant activities of underlying companies
- Information obtained from third party or already included in sharia compliant indexes
- Calculation process should be reviewed by Sharia Board
Introduction to Islamic Finance

75. Thank you Rachid Ouaich e-mail: r.ouaich@eurx.lu
phone: