1. SEC 1 THE BRITISH EMPIRE POST-WWI
CHAPTER 29
SEC 1
THE BRITISH EMPIRE POST-WWI

2. After WWI many British colonies sought independence and self-rule
The Egyptians gained their pseudo-independence in 1922
EGYPT
Though on paper they were independent, the British still wished to control the Suez, and left military forces behind
The Anglo-Egyptian Treaty would allow for more freedom, but locked Egypt into occupation for 20 more years

3. PALESTINE v. ZIONISTS - ORIGINS
British keep complete control over Palestine
Since the late 1800’s, European Jews, part of the Zionist movement, aimed to build a homeland for Jews in the Holy Land
The British supported this settlement
British foreign secretary Arthur Balfour’s Balfour Declaration

4. The British not only promised a Jewish state, but also promised an Arab one.
The Arab state would be a reward for helping against the Ottomans in WWI
After the war, both sides waited for GB to make good on its promises
Clashes flared between the two groups, so the Brits reduced Jewish immigration

5. When the Nazis began the Final Solution, Jewish immigration increased again
By 1937, GB declared the obvious: Zionist homeland and Arab independence were incompatible
It was suggested that land be divided between the two groups

17. ?

18. INDIA India was GB’s largest colony Indians were divided
Those educated in the west –wanted Brit rule
Indian Nationalists – complete independence
Mohandas Gandhi
Political and spiritual leader
Opposed violence – passive resistance
His followers boycotted Brit goods and refused to pay taxes
The British responded by restricting civil liberties and breaking up public demonstrations
Efforts to secure independence will continue

19. CHAPTER 29
SEC 2
TURKEY & AFRICA

20. After WWI the Ottomans were stripped of all their land except Turkey
Mustafa Kemal, along with his nationalist followers, helped establish The Republic of Turkey in 1923
Kemal became their first President
TURKEY

21. He worked to modernize and westernize Turkey
Kemal recognized the technological superiority of the West and embraced nationalism
He worked to modernize and westernize Turkey
He viewed Islam as a roadblock to modernization
He ended Islam’s association with the government
He imposed civil and social reforms

22. SOCIAL REFORM IN TURKEY
Kemal prohibited the wearing of tradition clothing
All were required to take surnames
He took the name Ataturk, meaning “father of the Turks”
He established secular schools
He replaced the Arabic alphabet with the Latin alphabet
He gave women the right to vote and hold office
Under Kemal Turkey became more prosperous
SOCIAL REFORM IN TURKEY

23. Many Africans, exposed to WWI fighting, found new ideas of nationalism appealing
This idea of freedom endangered the colonial holdings of Europe
By the 1930’s Africans demanded their independence
This movement would be led by military despots and a handful of western educated young men
AFRICA

24. CHAPTER 29
SEC 3
UNREST
IN CHINA

25. CHINESE NATIONALISM
The Chinese Nationalist movement was led by a western educated, former pharmacy student named Sun Yat-sen
Influenced by western thought, he sought a constitutional government and a bill of rights for the people
He sought industrialization and modernization

26. SUN YAT-SEN’S 3 PRICIPLES OF THE PEOPLE
Political unification and an ouster of foreign influence
Gradual change to democratic government, with full personal rights and liberties to the Chinese people
Economic improvements with industrialization and a more equitable distribution of land

27. FORMING THE CHINESE REPUBLIC
In 1912 China was declared a republic
The Nationalist asked for help from foreign powers
The Soviets were the only to respond
The gave technical, political and military advice
Chiang Kai-shek took leadership upon the death of Sun Yat-sen in 1925

28. THE RISE OF THE COMMUNISTS IN CHINA
Chinese intellectuals founded the Chinese Communist Party in 1921
They were inspired by the Russian Revolution and ideas of Marx and Lenin
This dedication to Communist ways would be that of the Left wing of the Nationalist Party
The Right wing opposed Communism, especially the redistribution of land
THE RISE OF THE COMMUNISTS IN CHINA

30. CHIANG’S WAR ON THE COMMUNISTS
I hope you packed your boots and long johns.
Hope you like Taiwan
In 1927 Chiang expelled all Soviet advisors
He moved against the Left by executing large numbers of Communists
Through several large-scale military operations, he sought to eliminate the Communists for good

31. THE LONG MARCH The Communist purge of ‘27 caused the Long March
Communists fled to the Northwest of China, crossing 18 mountain ranges and 24 rivers, constantly chased by Nationalist troops, and surrounded by Nazi forces at one point
The 6,000 mile trip saw many die, but also saw the rise of Mao Zedong as their leader

32. The Nationalist and the Communist, though they hated each other, saw a common enemy in the approaching Japanese imperialists
They would suspend their feud during the upcoming WWII, only to start up again following the war

33. Not so bad for an exile. Does anybody else have a strange craving for Chinese takeout

34. SEC 4
IMPERIALISM IN JAPAN
CHAPTER 29

35. JAPANESE EXPANSION Japan was turning into a modern industrial power
As a small island country, Japan’s expansion was contingent upon resources their neighbors possessed
Japan looked to Manchuria, putting them in conflict with Russia
In 1902 Japan gained an alliance with GB (mutual protection pact)
What desire did this pact fulfill for Japan?

36. Starting in 1904, the Japanese attacked the Russian fleet, overran Russian troops in Korea, and pushed the into Manchuria
In 1905 the Japanese shocked the world when they defeated the Russian navy handily
President Theodore Roosevelt was asked to mediate between the two parties, and the Treaty of Portsmouth was signed, ending the Russo-Japanese War
Russia yielded control of their southern Manchurian railroad
Gave up claims to Korea
Russians also pulled troops out of Manchuria
RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR

37. PROBLEMS WITH MODERNIZATION
Industrialization and scientific development raised the standard of living for the Japanese people
Because of this, population grew
Population growth leads to more food production, but every inch of arable land was cultivated
Food supply could not match the population increase (Malthus?)
This caused many Japanese to emigrate
This is the time that Roosevelt signed the Gentleman’s Agreement, limiting Japanese immigration

38. ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL TENSION
Economically, Japan lacked the raw materials needed to create a modern industry
These raw materials would be needed not only for modernization, but for military expansion
Socially, younger Japanese questioned the traditional values of their society, as many moved from the farm to the growing cities.

40. MILITARY EXPANSION
Through the 1920’s and the 1930’s Japan became increasingly more militaristic
The military took a greater role in government
Military officers stated that the west would never view them as equals
This belief pushed the Japanese to embrace their “purity” as a people
Japan would pursue a more independent path from this point forward
The military insisted the people become more traditional
They increased the size of the navy and army
They adopted a “Monroe Doctrine” of their own for Asia
Manchuria became a target for expansion

42. SEC 5 LATIN AMERICA BETWEEN THE WARS
CHAPTER 29
SEC 5
LATIN AMERICA BETWEEN THE WARS

43. ECONOMIC CHANGES Agriculture dominated LA economies
Beef, wheat, sugar, coffee, fruits
Oil (mostly owned by US and GB companies)
copper

44. SOCIAL & POLITICAL CHANGES
Cities such as Mexico City, Buenos Aires, Sao Paulo, & Rio de Janeiro surged to populations in excess of 1 million
All this growth, and still, democracy eluded the people of Latin America

45. EFFECTS OF THE GREAT DEPRESSION
The worldwide depression effected LA in the 1930’s
Importing goods became nearly impossible
National economies failed, unemployment spread, and coup d'états overthrew constitutional governments

46. These governmental failures due to the depression made people desperate
This desperation led to the rise of authoritarian military dictators
All dissent was suppressed and freedoms were stifled

47. RELATIONS WITH THE UNITED STATES
US intervention in LA was met with suspicion and ill will
The Panama Canal and the Spanish American War left a bad taste in their mouth
In the 1930’s Franklin D. Roosevelt’s Good Neighbor Policy sought to rectify this distrust
This policy called for noninterference on the part of the US in LA affairs

48. CUBA TESTS THE POLICY
A group of socialist radicals overthrew the government in Cuba, and nationalized some American-owned companies
The US responded by dropping diplomatic recognition (did not intervene)
Fulgencio Batista overthrew the government (the US didn’t stop him)
Batista became our buddy, and we cancelled the Platt Amendment