1. Passively-Enhanced Lime Mixing and Dissolution Presented by: Tim Danehy 1 Additional Authors: B. R. Leavitt 2, B. J. Page 1, R. M. Mahony 1, C. A. Neely 1, C. F. Denholm 1, S.L. Busler 1, and M. H. Dunn 1 1 BioMost Inc. 434 Spring Street Ext. Mars, PA 16046 2 Consulting Hydrogeologist 2776 S-Bridge Rd Washington, Pa. 15301

2. Semi-Active Lime Dissolution Water powered Lime Dosers. Long Dissolution Channel. Lime Buildup in Channel or Ponds. Carbon Dioxide Reacts to Form Calcite.

3. Erie Pittsburgh Harrisburg Philadelphia Manor Site – Clearfield County, PA Lecontes Mills Manor 879

4. Site overview

5. Raw Water Chemistry ParameterDateUnits Date1-6-121-16-121-23-121-31-122-7-122-21-12 Avg. pH Field3.483.433.533.383.453.69 3.48 S. U. Acidity466468458445422417 446 mg/L Iron233201231183210203 mg/L Aluminum19.322.315.612.911.416.8 mg/L Manganes e 3.622.993.133.233.433.40 3.4 mg/L Calcium166140160138145141 mg/L Magnesiu m 43.349.751.754.144.945.7 mg/L

6. Add Pebble Quicklime

7. MixWell patent pending Raw water is feed to the bottom of the MixWell. Lime or lime slurry is added to the annulus and sinks to the bottom. The lime is agitated by the raw water. Only small particles rise to the discharge.

8. MixWell patent pending

9. MixWell(Video)

10. Particles Retained in MixWell

11. Lime Particles from MixWell

12. A-Mixer patent pending Compressed Air supplied by Trompe. Airlift created in 12 inch pipe. Circulation in tank keeps small particles suspended. Airlift provides oxygen for iron oxidation.

13. A-Mixer

14. A-Mixer (Video)

15. Lime Particles from A-Mixer

16. Pebble Quicklime

17. Chemical Reactions Fe +2 + ¼ O 2 + H + → Fe +3 + ½ H 2 O Fe +3 + 3H 2 O → Fe(OH) 3 + 3H + Fe(OH) 2 + ½ H 2 O + ¼ O 2 → Fe(OH) 3 And / Or

18. Process Chemistry

19. Gypsum Formation Ca SO 4

20. Calculated Lime Efficiency Lime estimated Over Treating Lime Measured

21. 40% Cost Reduction $30,000/yr. $18,000/yr.

22. Conclusions Passive mixing technology can have a very significant improvement in lime utilization where pebble lime is the source of the alkalinity. The MixWell technology is very effective at dissolving pebble quicklime and reducing the particle size of its effluent. The A-Mixer*, if operated at pH 7 or above, can advance the oxidation of ferrous iron while maintaining pH. (*A-Mixer can be applied at Hydrated Lime/other sites)

23. Acknowledgement The authors gratefully acknowledge the Pennsylvania DEP, especially Mike Smith, Mario Carrello and Eric Rosengrant for supporting our new technology. In particular we offer our thanks to Bill Gongaware of Gongaware Environmental Services and his crew who let us play with their water and supported our efforts at every turn. Thanks guys!

24. Questions