1. South Carolina Native Americans
SC History
8-1.1
Summarize the collective and individual aspects of the Native American culture of the Eastern Woodlands tribal group, including the Catawba, Cherokee, and Yemassee.

2. South Carolina Native Americans
Chapter 3
South Carolina Native Americans
1527 Spain settlement at San Miguel de Gualdape near Georgetown, SC
European Renaissance
1562 France settlement at Charles Fort near Port Royal, SC
Prehistory-Native Americans in America
1492 Columbus Arrives in America

3. South Carolina Native Americans
Chapter 3
South Carolina Native Americans
American Indian Eras
Paleo Indians (10,000 B.C.)
Hunter gatherers – hunted large herd animals/gathered plants for food
Used projectile points attached to spears & stone tools
Were NOT farmers
Archaic Indians (8,000-2,000 B.C.)
Became less nomadic-more settled
Large animals (mammoth/camels) disappeared, hunted smaller animals (raccoon, turkey, deer, fish, shellfish, turtles…)
Change in tools – smaller spear points, fishing hooks from bone, grinding bowl
Developed pottery = food storage & closer to creation of village

4. South Carolina Native Americans
Chapter 3
South Carolina Native Americans
American Indian Eras
Woodland Indians (1000 B.C.)
Development of Agriculture (domestication of plants) & Villages
Farming, Hunting, and Gathering food
Population increased
Mississippian Indians (700 A.D.)
Last prehistoric era
Villages with mounds were common
100 feet high & surrounded by palisades (12-20ft high fence w/ pointed stakes)
Burial place
On top were public buildings, temples, and where the chieftain lived
Hieroglyphics (picture symbols representing sounds, meanings, & ideas)

5. List the three major Indian tribes of South Carolina and where they are located (SC Geographic Regions)

6. SC Native American Tribes
SC Native Americans
Chapter 3
SC Native American Tribes
Were different based on the regions in which they lived & the natural resources available
Cherokee - Blue Ridge & Piedmont Regions
Catawba – Piedmont Region
Yemassee – Coastal Plains and Coastal Zone
Cherokee
Catawba
Yemassee

7. List specific natural resources found in South Carolina that the Native Americans used.

8. Rocks, Minerals, Rivers, Plants, Shells & Animals
SC Native Americans
Chapter 3
Natural Resources
Rocks, Minerals, Rivers, Plants, Shells & Animals
Are different in each geographic region of SC
Had an affect on diet, housing, & travel
The Yemassee had oyster shells and sea- grass, which the Cherokee & Catawba did not have.

9. SC Native Americans Natural Resources
Chapter 3
Natural Resources
Wood & Animal Skins were natural resources found in all of the regions
ALL 3 South Carolina tribes used wood to build houses, canoes, weapons, & tools
Animal skins had a variety of uses
Wigwam roof

10. Style of House?
Cherokee house - Catawba and Yemassee house - Upon which natural resource did all 3 groups rely to build their homes?

11. SC Native Americans
Rock, wood, bone, shells, and animal skin were all used for tools, weapons, and building supplies.
Rock and animal bone were commonly used for sharp points for hunting and bows and arrows.
Tree bark and animal skins were used to make houses
The Cherokee lived in wattle and daub style houses of sticks and mud.
The Catawba and Yemassee lived in wigwams of tree bark and deer skins.
Chapter 3

12. Rectangular summer house A winter house was round & conical
SC Native Americans
Housing
Chapter 3
The Catawba and Yemassee used a style of house called a wigwam.
wattle & daub
grass or wood woven together & covered in mud
Cherokee
Rectangular summer house
A winter house was round & conical

13. Native Americans located their villages next to rivers for…
___

14. SC Native Americans Natural Resources
Chapter 3
SC Native Americans Natural Resources
Native American villages were often found near water sources – Rivers
Drinking, farming, food, and transportation
The rolling hills and red-yellow clay, made the land fertile and ideal to develop farming

15. List examples of Native American weapons and tools.
What types of natural resources were used to make them? 

16. SC Native Americans Weapons & Tools
Chapter 3
SC Native Americans Weapons & Tools
Smaller harder rock - used as drills
for making holes in wood, shells, and other types of stone
Rock used to create farming tools (Garden hoe) and mortars
Shells were carved down to create a sharp edge used for scraping
Shells and bones were used to make combs, jewelry, awls and other tools.
Awl: instrument used to poke holes in animal skins for sewing

17. How was fire used as a tool?

18. SC Native Americans Weapons & Tools
Chapter 3
SC Native Americans Weapons & Tools
Fire -used as a tool
Used to drive out animals for hunting
To clear a field for farming
cut trees and burned the brush to create farmland
Burn out a log to make a canoe

19. The entire region from the Mississippi River to the Atlantic Ocean and up to the Great Lakes is know as…?

20. Eastern Woodland Indians
SC Native Americans
Eastern Woodland Indians
Chapter 3
Eastern because of the East Coast
Woodland because of all the forests
Hunters & Farmers
Mississippian

21. Mounds were used by the Native Americans for what four reasons?

22. SC Native Americans mound builders Villages burial places
Chapter 3
SC Native Americans
Villages
mound builders
Mounds were used for a variety of reasons:
burial places
public buildings
temples/ceremonial sites
houses of the chieftain
Mississippian
Sautee Nacoochee Valley, GA, Cherokee burial mound
Remains of a shell mound, Edisto, SC

23. Name the Native American group that had the most advanced government in South Carolina.

24. SC Native Americans Villages
Chapter 3
SC Native Americans Villages
Government
Cherokee had the most advanced
7 sided tribal house
Usually located on a mound
Cherokee had representatives from each of the 7 clans meet in the council house with the chieftain
Made decisions for the tribe

25. List the language group for each of the three main tribes in South Carolina.
Cherokee =
Catawba =
Yemassee =

26. SC Native Americans Culture
Chapter 3
SC Native Americans Culture
3 Tribes = 3 Language Groups
Cherokee - an Iroquoian language group
- Did NOT have a written language until early 1800’s
Catawba – Siouan language group
Yemassee – Muskogean language group
- Historians know very little about the Yemassee
- A violent tribe
- Did not allow observers near to document actions

27. SC Native Americans Villages Always located near a water source:
Chapter 3
SC Native Americans
Villages
Always located near a water source:
Rivers
Springs
Stream
Ocean
Palisades - surrounded by tall wooden posts that were sharpened on top
Farming was usually done outside the palisades
The open space in the middle of the village was used for sports
Lacrosse

28. What was the Native American attitude toward land ownership?

29. SC Native Americans Culture
Chapter 3
SC Native Americans Culture
Communal environment
All hunted and worked to harvest the food
Shared by everyone in the village
They used all parts of the animal that they killed, for example an animal’s bladder was used to store and carry water.
Land
Belonged to everyone
Could not be owned by one person
Would eventually cause problems with the European Settlers

30. Two methods in which the Native Americans got their food

31. SC Native Americans Culture Possible Yemassee village appearance
Chapter 3
SC Native Americans Culture
SC Native American Diet
Very Simple
Yemassee (Low Country/Coast)
seafood, wild game, and gathered nuts and berries
Cherokee & Catawba
Hunted wild game
Used wooden fish traps to catch fish in rivers and streams
Gathered seeds, nuts, and berries
Eventually farmed
Fertile soil & domestication of plants
Easier than hunting/gathering
Possible Yemassee village appearance
Fish Trap

32. Describe the “three sisters”.
Draw an illustration

33. SC Native Americans Culture
Chapter 3
The Most Important crops:
Corn
Pole beans
Squash
Together, these crops are known as “The 3 Sisters”
Used corn stalks as poles for the beans
Grew crops of pumpkins and bottle gourds
Tobacco was grown in rows on separate plots
Corn was easily dried and kept for winter food.
Gourds were used for bowls and to carry water.

34. SC Native Americans Villages
Chapter 3
SC Native Americans Villages
Cofitachequi
SC Indian town near the Savannah River
Ruled by women
Rich Indian village
Large trade network in Coastal Plain
Large quantities of:
Clothing, deerskins, shoes, pearls, & figures made from pearls

35. SC Native Americans Culture
Chapter 3
European Contact
At first contact, Native Americans got along well with European settlers.
Because Native Americans viewed the land as belonging to everyone, they were very willing to share food and resources with struggling colonists.
Did not take long to change!!

36. SC Native Americans Culture
Chapter 3
Europeans
Thought American Indians to be crude, savage, & uncivilized
Mistreated the Indians and took their land & lives
Indians were enslaved
Some males shipped to West Indies
Native Americans had to fight for survival against disease, wars, and cultural destruction