1. NOAA’s Office of Climate Observation (OCO) Diane Stanitski, Michael Johnson, Sidney Thurston Office of Climate Observation Silver Spring, Maryland, USA DBCP-20 Technical Workshop Chennai, India 18-19 October 2004

2. Overview The role of the Office of Climate Observation The role of the Office of Climate Observation Status of the global ocean observing system Status of the global ocean observing system The Observing System Monitoring Center (OSMC) The Observing System Monitoring Center (OSMC) Adopt a Drifter Program with international collaboration Adopt a Drifter Program with international collaboration Plans for enhancement of the global ocean array and additional observations in the Indian and Arctic Oceans Plans for enhancement of the global ocean array and additional observations in the Indian and Arctic Oceans

3. The Office of Climate Observation a contribution to international ocean observations and monitoring http://www.oco.noaa.gov/

4. OCO Mission Build and sustain a global climate observing system that will respond to the long-term observational requirements of the operational forecast centers, international research programs, and major scientific assessments. A global observing system by definition crosses international boundaries. The potential exists for both benefits and responsibilities to be shared by many nations. Partnerships are Central NOAA’s ocean contributions are managed in cooperation with the Joint WMO/IOC Technical Commission for Oceanography and Marine Meteorology (JCOMM).

5. Capabilities Required for the Ocean Component Global coverage by moored and drifting buoy arrays, profiling floats, tide gauge stations, and repeated ship lines Global coverage by moored and drifting buoy arrays, profiling floats, tide gauge stations, and repeated ship lines Continuous satellite missions for sea surface temperature, sea surface height, surface vector wind, sea ice, and ocean color Continuous satellite missions for sea surface temperature, sea surface height, surface vector wind, sea ice, and ocean color Data and assimilation subsystems Data and assimilation subsystems System management and product delivery System management and product delivery

6. The Job of the Ocean Component Document long term trends in sea level change Document long term trends in sea level change Document ocean carbon sources and sinks Document ocean carbon sources and sinks Document the ocean’s storage and global transport of heat and fresh water Document the ocean’s storage and global transport of heat and fresh water Document the ocean-atmosphere exchange of heat and fresh water Document the ocean-atmosphere exchange of heat and fresh water

7. Tide Gauge Network58 % complete 3˚x3˚ Argo Profiling Float Array35% complete 5˚x5˚ Surface Drifting Buoy Array45 % complete Moored BuoyExistingPlanned Ocean Reference StationExistingPlanned High Resolution XBT and Flux LineExistingPlanned Frequently Repeated XBT LineExistingPlanned Carbon Inventory & Deep Ocean Line Global Survey @ 10 years Sea Surface Temperature, Sea Surface Height, Surface Vector Wind, Sea Ice, and Ocean Color from Space Global Ocean Observing System for Climate Initial Design. It will Evolve. Now nearly 48% complete.

8. Subtask 1 -- Monitor the status of the globally distributed networks; report system statistics and metrics routinely and on demand. Subtask 1 -- Monitor the status of the globally distributed networks; report system statistics and metrics routinely and on demand. Subtask 2 -- Evaluate the effectiveness of the system; recommend improvements. Subtask 2 -- Evaluate the effectiveness of the system; recommend improvements. OCO Management Plan (6 Subtasks) Sept 2004 Drifting Buoys: 1025 Target: 1250

9. Subtask 3 -- Advance the multi-year program plan; evolve the in situ networks to achieve global coverage. Subtask 3 -- Advance the multi-year program plan; evolve the in situ networks to achieve global coverage. Subtask 4 -- Focus intra- agency, interagency, and international coordination. Subtask 4 -- Focus intra- agency, interagency, and international coordination. OCO Management Plan (6 Subtasks) All of NOAA’s ocean contributions are managed in cooperation with JCOMM -- presently 60 nations.

10. Subtask 5 -- Organize external review and user feedback. Subtask 5 -- Organize external review and user feedback. Subtask 6 -- Produce annual reports on the state of the ocean and the adequacy of the observing system for climate. Subtask 6 -- Produce annual reports on the state of the ocean and the adequacy of the observing system for climate. OCO Management Plan (6 Subtasks) Annual System Review, 2004 –Chapter 1: The Role of the Ocean in ClimateThe Role of the Ocean in Climate –Chapter 2: The State of the OceanThe State of the Ocean –Chapter 3: The State of the Observing SystemThe State of the Observing System –Chapter 4: The State of the ScienceThe State of the Science

11. 1250 82 40 2300 27 531 7 43 79 26 923 24 497 37 79 26 497 37 77 24 370 34 1050 79 29 1500 24 531 39 1250 90 45 3000 49 64 29 730 7 52 1250 115 45 3000 89 31 7 86 1250 115 45 3000 78 85 31 830 7 86 1250 100 45 3000 60 78 31 830 7 62 1250 84 40 3000 54 27 640 7 45 77 23 370 34 2000 20012002 200320042006200520072008 20092010 Initial Ocean Observing System Milestones including international contributions Tide Gauges GPS/DORIS Stations GPS/DORIS Stations Initial GCOS Subset Surface Drifting Buoys Tropical Moored Buoys Ships of Opportunity Argo Floats Reference Stations Arctic System System Evaluation Ocean Carbon Network Dedicated Ship Time High resolution and frequently repeated lines occupied Number of floats Number of moorings Number of buoys Days at sea (NOAA contribution) Product evaluation and feedback loops implemented (NOAA contribution) Repeat Sections Committed, One inventory per 10 years Number of observatories, flux, and ocean transport stations Ice buoys, drifting and Moored stations 807671 779787 200310 544 544 15 29 35 37 41 1 011 2 53 48 66 100 88 77 55 Total System 30 34 40 45 2000 20012002 200320042006200520072008 20092010 System % Complete 3 4242 340 3636 31 30302929 OCO Subtask 3 -- Advance the Multi-Year Program Plan; evolve the in situ networks to achieve global coverage.

13. Observing System Monitoring Center (OSMC) shows the types, location and timing of in-situ observations throughout the global oceans Observational Density Observational Density –a daily reference for SST, SLP, air temp, wind speed and direction, dew point temperature and cloud cover from ships, drifting and moored buoys Observational Density Animations Observational Density Animations –6 animations of valid weekly observations of SLP, SST, and Winds observed in a 5x5 box with two different thresholds Sea Surface Temperature Observations Sea Surface Temperature Observations –data collected from ships [via ship intake, bucket and hull] as well as from buoys [fixed and drifting] Depth of Salinity and Temperature Observations Depth of Salinity and Temperature Observations –data collected during depth profiles and data showing the depth of each profile

14. ADOPT A DRIFTER PROGRAM ADOPT A DRIFTER PROGRAM Opportunity for K-16 teachers and their students to adopt a drifting buoy and map its path Opportunity for K-16 teachers and their students to adopt a drifting buoy and map its path Drifter is deployed by teacher(s) while participating in NOAA’s Teacher at Sea Program Drifter is deployed by teacher(s) while participating in NOAA’s Teacher at Sea Program U.S. school partners with an international school to mutually adopt a drifter and then track and map the drifter and monitor its output U.S. school partners with an international school to mutually adopt a drifter and then track and map the drifter and monitor its output Teachers work with students to develop and test lesson plans linked with ocean circulation, winds, etc. Teachers work with students to develop and test lesson plans linked with ocean circulation, winds, etc. Teachers Deploy Drifters, Collect Data, and Analyze in Near Real Time

15. What are the Office of Climate Observation’s Priorities and Plans?

16. Incremental advancements across all networks with emphasis on these priority areas: 1. Sea Surface Temperature -- the single most important variable in the heat, carbon, and water cycles; used to drive all forecast models 2. Sea level change -- the most immediate impact of climate change 3. Ocean carbon inventory -- priority for climate change science and technology policy FY 2003-04 Priorities

17. Incremental advancements across all networks with emphasis on these priority areas: Sea Surface Temperature Sea Surface Temperature – Complete the global drifting buoy array -- 1250 drifters – The first element of the Global Climate Observing System to be completed Sea Level Sea Level – Transition the Absolute Altimeter Calibration Station from NASA to NOAA funding – Continue upgrading the “GCOS subset” of the GLOSS tide gauge network: 43 of 170 stations Ocean Carbon inventory surveys (NOAA-NSF, 1/3 - 2/3) Ocean Carbon inventory surveys (NOAA-NSF, 1/3 - 2/3) – Fully fund 10-year repeat survey cycle (vs 14 years) Complete the global TAO network -- advance to the Indian Ocean: Complete the global TAO network -- advance to the Indian Ocean: – FY 05 -- 3 moorings in the water – FY 06 -- 5 moorings in the water – FY 07 -- 7 moorings in the water Advance data, assimilation, and product delivery Advance data, assimilation, and product delivery – Initiate an Ocean Analysis program (routine products) – Expert Team to continually evaluate the effectiveness of the system FY 2005 Priorities

18. – Enhance the tropical moored buoy network – Additional Indian Ocean buoys – Tropical Atlantic North East Extension – Salinity Sensors – Upgrade seven sites to Ocean Reference Stations – Technology development - Next Generation – TAO transition – OCO as central office for data management FY 2006 Planning

19. Indian Ocean Planning International planning as part of the GOOS, GCOS, and CLIVAR International planning as part of the GOOS, GCOS, and CLIVAR Moored buoys, Argo floats, surface drifters, SOOP measurements, time series reference stations, tide gauges, and satellite remote sensing Moored buoys, Argo floats, surface drifters, SOOP measurements, time series reference stations, tide gauges, and satellite remote sensing NOAA fully supports IO expansion and recognizes this as one of the biggest gaps in the global ocean observing network NOAA fully supports IO expansion and recognizes this as one of the biggest gaps in the global ocean observing network Contributions from many parties is critical: nations, agencies, international bodies Contributions from many parties is critical: nations, agencies, international bodies Timely, open access to data (encourage all data on GTS) Timely, open access to data (encourage all data on GTS)

20. – Incremental advancements across all networks with emphasis on these priority areas: Polar regions, especially the Arctic, for impacts of climate change Polar regions, especially the Arctic, for impacts of climate change Ocean circulation changes to monitor for possible indications of abrupt climate change Ocean circulation changes to monitor for possible indications of abrupt climate change Ocean-atmosphere exchange of heat and water particularly in support of drought early warning and diagnostics Ocean-atmosphere exchange of heat and water particularly in support of drought early warning and diagnostics FY 2007 NOAA Planning

21. Conclusions An international plan is in place to complete the initial global ocean observing system by 2010 An international plan is in place to complete the initial global ocean observing system by 2010 The OSMC is a decision support facility reporting current/historical status of globally distributed networks The OSMC is a decision support facility reporting current/historical status of globally distributed networks The Adopt A Drifter Program is a new effort supported by the OSMC to enhance international partnerships and infuse real-time ocean data into curricula The Adopt A Drifter Program is a new effort supported by the OSMC to enhance international partnerships and infuse real-time ocean data into curricula OCO priorities include enhancement of all ocean networks and expansion into the Indian and Arctic Oceans OCO priorities include enhancement of all ocean networks and expansion into the Indian and Arctic Oceans

22. Thank You!!! NOAA Office of Climate Observation 1100 Wayne Avenue Silver Spring MD 20910 USA climate.observation@noaa.gov

23. Office of Climate Observation - the one-stop shop for international ocean data access The OCO would like to be the central clearinghouse for ocean data The OCO would like to be the central clearinghouse for ocean data Links to all sources of ocean data for field projects to global networks will be provided at the OCO web site, www.oco.noaa.gov Links to all sources of ocean data for field projects to global networks will be provided at the OCO web site, www.oco.noaa.govwww.oco.noaa.gov urls will link to all sources of complete ocean datasets urls will link to all sources of complete ocean datasets We need your help! Please send the urls for global and regional ocean datasets that you know exist. They will be included on our website. …an ongoing project!!

24. Expert Team Framework: Focus on State Variables A suite of products documenting: A suite of products documenting: Sea level to identify changes resulting from climate variability. Sea level to identify changes resulting from climate variability. Ocean carbon content every ten years and the air-sea exchange seasonally. Sea surface temperature and surface currents to identify significant patterns of climate variability. Sea surface pressure and air-sea exchanges of heat, momentum, and fresh water to identify changes in forcing functions driving ocean conditions and atmospheric conditions. Ocean heat and fresh water content and transports to identify where anomalies enter the ocean, how they move and are transformed, and where they re-emerge to interact with the atmosphere. Identify the essential aspects of thermohaline circulation and the subsurface expressions of the patterns of climate variability. Sea ice thickness and concentrations. Evaluation: continually test the observing system against the products; recommend improvements.

25. XBT’s, Drifters, Tide Gauge Stations in the Indian Ocean XBT Network – –5 high resolution XBT ship lines to be completed in 2005 following a “line sampling” strategy – –Some regularly sampled lines not reporting on GTS or delayed mode – –XBT workshop to be held in Goa, India during spring 2005 Drifters - 100 new drifting buoys purchased Both need doubled resources for full implementation Upgrades will be made to 4 tide gauge stations in the IO

26. Automated Drifting Stations Ice Mass Balance buoys Arctic Arctic – Ice buoy data processing funded by OCO = additional buoys Courtesy of John Calder

27. Ocean Observations The Arctic Ocean and high latitude seas are expected to experience large change if global warming projections are accurate. These changes can result in feedback to the climate system, and/or impact marine cosystems. The rate of ecosystem change is projected to be fast and can alert us to the types of changes that may occur elsewhere. Flux of heat and freshwater to and from the Arctic Ocean Climate-ecosystem interactions in the Northern Bering and Chukchi Seas Courtesy of John Calder

28. Teachers Deploy Drifters, Collect Data and Analyze in Near Real Time Helping to Predict Hurricanes Helping to Predict Hurricanes Revealing Ocean Temperature Patterns Revealing Ocean Temperature Patterns Monitoring Ocean Currents, Winds Monitoring Ocean Currents, Winds Groundtruthing Satellite Data Groundtruthing Satellite Data Predicting the Path of Ocean Pollutants Predicting the Path of Ocean Pollutants http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/phod/dac/gdc.html

29. Indian Ocean Focus Indian Ocean influences dynamics of Indian and Asian monsoons Indian Ocean influences dynamics of Indian and Asian monsoons The IO affects climate over North America via monsoon-ENSO interactions and atmospheric intraseasonal oscillations spawned over the IO The IO affects climate over North America via monsoon-ENSO interactions and atmospheric intraseasonal oscillations spawned over the IO IO array is designed to improve description, understanding, and prediction of large ocean- atmosphere interactions and their influence on regional and global climate IO array is designed to improve description, understanding, and prediction of large ocean- atmosphere interactions and their influence on regional and global climate

30. Tropical Indian Ocean Moored Buoy Array The evolving design of a sustained observing system for the Indian Ocean. The system includes a 3°x3° Argo profiling float array, 5°x5° surface drifting buoy array and a real- time tide gauge network. An XBT training workshop will be held in Goa, India, during spring 2005.