1. INSTITUTE FOR CYBER SECURITY 1 Trusted Computing Models Prof. Ravi Sandhu Executive Director and Endowed Chair Institute for Cyber Security University of Texas at San Antonio June 2008 ravi.sandhu@utsa.edu www.profsandhu.com

2. INSTITUTE FOR CYBER SECURITY Change Drivers Stand-alone computersInternet Enterprise security Mutually suspicious yet mutually dependent security VandalsCriminals, Nation states, Terrorists Few standard services Many and new innovative services

3. INSTITUTE FOR CYBER SECURITY 3 Basic Assumptions (Axioms) Information needs to be protected In motion At rest In use Absolute security is impossible and unnecessary Trying to approximate absolute security is a bad strategy Good enough security is feasible and meaningful Security is meaningless without application context Cannot know we have good enough without this context Models and abstractions are all important Without a conceptual framework it is hard to separate what needs to be done from how we do it We are not very good at doing any of this

4. INSTITUTE FOR CYBER SECURITY PEI Models: 3 Layers/5 Layers

5. INSTITUTE FOR CYBER SECURITY Access Control Models Discretionary Access Control (DAC) Owner controls access but only to the original, not to copies Mandatory Access Control (MAC) Access based on security labels Labels propagate to copies Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) Access based on roles Can be configured to do DAC or MAC Attribute-Based Access Control (ABAC) Access based on attributes, to possibly include roles, security labels and whatever 5

6. INSTITUTE FOR CYBER SECURITY Usage Control Model (UCON) unified model integrating authorization obligation conditions and incorporating continuity of decisions mutability of attributes

7. INSTITUTE FOR CYBER SECURITY What makes UCON different? UCON is an attribute-based authorization model BUT Attributes are mutable, in that the system updates them automatically as a result of usage Allows count-limited, rate-limited, quota-limited policies to be expressed and enforced E.g., can access upto 10 documents per hour Access may require explicit actions by the user attempting access, other users or the system Enables human-in-the-loop just-in-time decisions E.g., access requires confirmation by a superior officer Enables notification of access E.g., access is notified to a designated audit authority Enables clean-up after access is completed E.g., delete cryptographic keys, plaintext content Access can depend on system condition and mode E.g., in emergency mode access is enabled (or disabled) Access mediation can continue while access is in progress E.g., if credentials are revoked access is immediately terminated E.g., if system mode changes from normal to emergency access is terminated 7

8. INSTITUTE FOR CYBER SECURITY PEI Models: 3 Layers/5 Layers

9. INSTITUTE FOR CYBER SECURITY 9 Policy Model Initial state: Never been a member State I Currently a member State II Past member State III enrolldis- enroll enroll 1. Straight-forward. User has no access to any group documents. 1. Access to current documents only (or) 2. Access to current documents and past documents 3. Access can be further restricted with rate and/or usage limits 4. Access can be further restricted on basis of individual user credentials 1. Past member loses access to all documents (or) 2. can access any document created during his membership (or) 3. can access documents he accessed during membership (or) 4. can access all documents created before he left the group (this includes the ones created before his join time) 5. all subject to possible additional rate, usage and user credential restrictions 1. No rejoin of past members is allowed, rejoin with new ID (or) 2. Past members rejoin the group just like any other user who has never been a member 3. The same access policies defined during his prior membership should again be enforced (or) 4. access policies could vary between membership cycles

10. INSTITUTE FOR CYBER SECURITY 10 Policy Model Initial state: Never been a group doc State I Currently a group doc State II Past group doc State III addremove add 1. Straight-forward. No access to group members. 1. Access allowed only to current group members 2. Access allowed to current and past group members 1. No one can access 2. Any one can access 3. Past members can access 1. Cannot be re-added. 2. When a document is re-added, it will be treated as a new document that is added into the group. 3. Only current members can access. 4. Past members and current members can access

11. INSTITUTE FOR CYBER SECURITY 11 Enforcement Model 3 1 2 4 5 Group-AdminMember Joining Member Control Center (CC) 7 Ideal Model: steps 3 and 4 are coupled Approximate Model: steps 3 and 4 are de-coupled D-Member 6 Member enroll and dis-enroll (steps 1-2, 5) Document add and remove (step 6, 7) Read policy enforcement (step 3) Attribute update (step 4) Two sets of attributes Authoritative: as known to the CC Local: as known on a members computer

12. INSTITUTE FOR CYBER SECURITY 12 Implementation Model Use TC mechanisms to bind group key + attributes to TRM

13. INSTITUTE FOR CYBER SECURITY Trusted Computing Technology Need crypto and access control Requirements Hide the root keys Authorize use of root keys Wrt software Wrt people Curtained memory Remote attestation Translation of policy E.g., Policy in XACML to policy in SELinux 13

14. INSTITUTE FOR CYBER SECURITY Conclusion Some very interesting challenges ahead and some very exciting research to be done Requires collaboration between Domain experts Technology experts Security experts 14