1. Restless Earth Revision Revise the topic Practice exam technique

2. Practice drawing these diagrams.
Get into groups of four and number yourselves.
Draw your plate boundary:
1. destructive
2. collision
3. constructive
4. conservative
2 minutes
Practice drawing these diagrams.
Use them in the exam.

3. Diagrams Four plate boundaries Convection currents
Shield and composite/strato- volcanoes
Structure of Earth (probably won’t be asked to draw this one; need to be able to interpret it)

4. Review and Rate Read the summary of the topic.
Rate each section: how confident do you feel with each part?

5. The Earth’s Structure
Earth’s interior has a layered structure, with different composition and physical properties.
Interpreting a cross-section of the Earth, with details (temperature, density, composition, physical state) of layered structure (including the asthenosphere)

6. Different types of crust.
Contrast continental and oceanic crust.
CONTINENTAL
OCEANIC
This is heavy (density of 3.0), made of
Minerals rich in Iron and Magnesium
Is about 6-10 km thick on average and is
usually under 200 million years old.
This is lighter (density of 2.6), made of
minerals rich in silica and aluminium,
is about 30-70km thick and is mainly
over 1500 million years old.

7. Convection cell in the mantle
Convection Currents
Solid
Crust
Convection cell in the mantle
Plumes of heat rise in the mantle
Convection in the liquid outer core

8. Earth’s Tectonic Plates and their Boundaries
Mapping the distribution of the three plate margin types, and naming major plates.

9. or

10. Types of Volcano A shield volcano e.g. Mauna Loa, Hawaii
Very hot, runny, basaltic lava.
Eruptions rarely violent.
A composite or stratovolcano
e.g. Mount Pinatubo, Philippines
Thick, viscous, andesitic lava.
Explosive eruptions.

11. Earthquake Hazards

12. Contrasting earthquake effects in named locations Impacts on property versus people.
Loma Prieta earthquake, USA
Date: Tuesday 17 October 1989, at 17.04
Magnitude: 6.9 on the Richter Scale
Epicentre: in a mountainous part of Santa Cruz County, 90 km south-east of San Francisco
Death toll: 63
Injured: 3,757
Homeless: 12,000
Property cost: $10 billion
Kashmir, Pakistan
Date: Saturday 8 October 2005
Magnitude: 7.6 on the Richter Scale
Epicentre: Muzaffarabad, the capital of Pakistani-administered Kashmir
Death toll: 75,000
Injured: 75,000
Homeless: 2.8 million
Property cost: $440 million
Impacts worst on property
in developed countries.
Impacts worst on people
in developing countries.

13. Contrasting economic and social volcanic hazard impacts
Mount St Helens, USA
Date: Sunday 18th May 1980 at 8.33 am.
Magnitude: 5 on the Volcanic Explosivity Index 5 (paroxysmal).
Homes destroyed: 200
Death toll: 61 (most as a result of poisonous gases which accompanied the blast).
Evacuated: 2,000 people
Property cost: $1.1 billion.
Mount Nyiragongo, DR Congo
Date: 17th January 2002.
Magnitude: Gentle; 1 on the Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI).
Homes destroyed: 12,500
Death toll: 100 (mostly from poisonous gas and getting trapped in lava).
Evacuated: 400,000
Lava: hot, runny, basaltic
Homeless: 120,000
Economic impacts worse
in developed countries.
Social impacts worse
in developing countries.

14. Predicting Earthquakes
Earthquakes are not as easy to predict as volcanic eruptions. However, there are still some ways of monitoring the chances of an earthquake:
Laser beams can be used to detect plate movement.
A seismometer is used to pick up the vibrations in the Earth's crust. An increase in vibrations may indicate a possible earthquake.
Radon gas escapes from cracks in the Earth's crust. Levels of radon gas can be monitored - a sudden increase may suggest an earthquake.

15. Preparing for Earthquakes
People living in earthquake zones need to know what they should do in the event of a quake. Training people my involve holding earthquake drills and educating people via TV or radio.
People may put together emergency kits and store them in their homes. An emergency kit may include first-aid items, blankets and tinned food.
Earthquake proof buildings have been constructed in many major cities, eg The Transamerica Pyramid in San Francisco. Buildings such as this are designed to absorb the energy of an earthquake and to withstand the movement of the Earth.
Roads and bridges can also be designed to withstand the power of earthquakes.

16. Earthquake-proof building design
Developed country
Developing country

17. Predicting Volcanic Eruptions
Warning signs
Monitoring techniques
Hundreds of small earthquakes are caused as magma rises up through cracks in the Earth's crust.
Seismometers are used to detect earthquakes.
Temperatures around the volcano rise as activity increases.
Thermal imaging techniques and satellite cameras can be used to detect heat around a volcano.
When a volcano is close to erupting it starts to release gases. The higher the sulfur content of these gases, the closer the volcano is to erupting.
Gas samples may be taken and chemical sensors used to measure sulphur levels.

18. Predicting and Preparing for Volcanic Eruptions

19. Preparing for Volcanic Eruptions
Creating an exclusion zone around the volcano.
Being ready and able to evacuate residents.
Having an emergency supply of basic provisions, such as food.
Funds need to be available to deal with the emergency and a good communication system needs to be in place.

20. Haiti, 2010 Impacts Response Problems Death toll: 200,000 (estimated)
Homeless: 1.5 million (estimated)
Tens of thousands without food, water and medical supplies
Port-au-Prince port badly damaged
US took control of Port-au-Prince airport
UN World Food Programme increased food aid to survivors, e.g. 2 million meals delivered on one day
US carried out air drops
The Haitian authorities were not prepared for the earthquake
Port-au-Prince airport has limited capacity
Lack of fuel

21. Glossary You need to be familiar with these words so that you can:
understand what questions mean (easier)
define them (harder)
Use the glossary sheet as a check list. Tick them off once when you when you understand them and again when you can define them.
Concentrate at first on the terms in bold.

22. Exam question

23. (a) Identify one advantage and one disadvantage that Sakurajima has brought to Japan. (2)

24. (b) Explain one reason way in which the impact of a volcanic eruption might be different in a less developed country. (2)
More deaths/greater impacts on people. Accept other reasonable suggestions.
Explanation:
People more likely to live in risky locations
Can’t afford safe, well-built houses so buildings often collapse
Communications poor, so warning and evacuation may not happen (so effectively)
Poverty
Slow/inadequate relief effort may lead to lack of shelter, clean water and food. Disease may spread
Governments don’t have the money or resources to provide aid

25. (c) Using examples, explain how eruptions can be predicted. (4)

26. (c) Using examples, explain how eruptions can be predicted. (4)
Warning signs
Monitoring techniques
Hundreds of small earthquakes are caused as magma rises up through cracks in the Earth's crust.
Seismometers are used to detect earthquakes.
Temperatures around the volcano rise as activity increases.
Thermal imaging techniques and satellite cameras can be used to detect heat around a volcano.
When a volcano is close to erupting it starts to release gases. The higher the sulfur content of these gases, the closer the volcano is to erupting.
Gas samples may be taken and chemical sensors used to measure sulphur levels.