1. Evidence-Based Guidelines for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Women

2. Objectives  To present strategies to assess and stratify women into high risk, at risk, and optimal risk categories for cardiovascular disease  To summarize lifestyle approaches to the prevention of cardiovascular disease in women

3. Objectives  To review evidence-based approaches to cardiovascular disease prevention for patients with hypertension, lipid abnormalities, and diabetes  To review an evidence-based approach to pharmacological risk intervention for women at risk for cardiovascular events

4. Objectives  To summarize commonly used therapies that should not be initiated for the prevention or treatment of heart disease, because they lack benefit, or because risks outweigh benefits

5. CVD and Other Major Causes of Death for Women in the United States: 2004 Source: Adapted from Rosamond 2008

6. Annual Numbers of U.S. Adults Diagnosed with Myocardial Infarction and Fatal CHD by Age and Sex Categories: 1987-2004 Source: Adapted from Rosamond 2008 Age in Years

7. Cardiovascular Disease Mortality: U.S. Males and Females 1980-2004 Source: Adapted from Rosamond 2008

8. Racial and Ethnic Groups  Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death for African Americans, Latinos, Asian Americans, Pacific Islanders, and American Indians  African American women are at the highest risk for death from heart disease among all racial, ethnic, and gender groups Source: Rosamond 2008

9. Evidence-based Guidelines for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Women: 2007 Update Mosca L, et al. Circulation 2007; 115:1481-501. http://www.circ.ahajournals.org

10. Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Women: Current Guidelines  A five-step approach  A ssess and stratify women into high risk, at risk, and optimal risk categories  L ifestyle approaches recommended for all women  O ther cardiovascular disease interventions: treatment of HTN, DM, lipid abnormalities  H ighest priority is for interventions in high risk patients  A void initiating therapies that have been shown to lack benefit, or where risks outweigh benefits Source: Adapted from Mosca 2004

11. Risk Stratification:  High Risk  Diabetes mellitus  Documented atherosclerotic disease  Established coronary heart disease  Peripheral arterial disease  Cerebrovascular disease  Abdominal aortic aneurysm  Includes many patients with chronic kidney disease, especially ESRD 10-year Framingham global risk > 20%, or high risk based on another population-adapted global risk assessment tool Source: Mosca 2007

12. Risk Stratification:  At Risk:  > 1 major risk factors for CVD, including:  Cigarette smoking  Hypertension  Dyslipidemia  Family history of premature CVD (CVD at < 55 years in a male relative, or < 65 years in a female relative)  Obesity, especially central obesity  Physical inactivity  Poor diet  Metabolic syndrome  Evidence of subclinical coronary artery disease (eg coronary calcification), or poor exercise capacity on treadmill test or abnormal heart rate recovery after stopping exercise Source: Mosca 2007

13. Definition of Metabolic Syndrome in Women  Abdominal obesity - waist circumference > 35 in.  High triglycerides ≥ 150mg/dL  Low HDL cholesterol < 50mg/dL  Elevated BP ≥ 130/85mm Hg  Fasting glucose ≥ 100mg/dL Source: AHA/NHLBI 2005

14. Risk Stratification:  Optimal risk:  No risk factors  Healthy lifestyle  Framingham global risk < 10% Source: Mosca 2007

15. Lifestyle Interventions  Smoking cessation  Physical activity  Heart healthy diet  Weight reduction/maintenance Source: Mosca 2007

16. Relative Risk of Coronary Events for Smokers Compared to Non-Smokers Source: Adapted from Stampfer 2000

17. Smoking  All women should be consistently encouraged to stop smoking and avoid environmental tobacco  The same treatments benefit both women and men  Women face different barriers to quitting  Concomitant depression  Concerns about weight gain  Provide counseling, nicotine replacement, and other pharmacotherapy as indicated in conjunction with a behavioral program or other formal smoking cessation program Source: Fiore 2000, Mosca 2007

18. Five A’s  Ask about tobacco use at every visit  Advise in a clear and personalized message  Assess willingness to quit  Assist to quit  Arrange follow-up  For more information: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/tobacco/treating_tobacco_use.pdf http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/tobacco/treating_tobacco_use.pdf Source: Fiore 2000

19. Risk Reduction for CHD Associated with Exercise in Women Source: Manson 1999

20. Modifiable Risk Factors: Sedentary Lifestyle  40% of women report no leisure time physical activity  Exercise is less prevalent among white women compared to white men  African American and Hispanic women have the lowest prevalence of leisure time physical activity Source: U.S. Surgeon General 1996, Rosamond 2008

21. Physical Activity  Consistently encourage women to accumulate a minimum of 30 minutes of moderate intensity physical activity on most, or preferably all, days of the week  Women who need to lose weight or sustain weight loss should accumulate a minimum of 60-90 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity on most, and preferably all, days of the week Source: Mosca 2007

22. Body Weight and CHD Mortality Among Women P for trend < 0.001 Source: Adapted from Manson 1995

23. Body Weight and CHD Mortality Among Women P for trend < 0.001 ≥ Source: Adapted from Manson 1995

24. 1998 2006 1990 No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24% 25%–29% ≥30% Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System BRFSS, 1990-2006 (*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5’ 4” woman) Source: CDC

25. Weight Maintenance/Reduction Goals  Women should maintain or lose weight through an appropriate balance of physical activity, calorie intake, and formal behavioral programs when indicated to maintain:  BMI between 18.5 and 24.9 kg/m²  Waist circumference < 35 inches Source: Mosca 2007

26. Body Mass Index: Definition  BMI = weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters (kg/m2)  BMI chart showing BMI based on weight in pounds and height in inches available at: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/obesity/ob_home.htm http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/obesity/ob_home.htm Source: NHLBI

27. Low Risk Diet is Associated with Lower Risk of Myocardial Infarction in Women Diet Score by Quintile (1= least vegetables, fruit, whole grains, fish, legumes) Relative Risk of MI* *Adjusted for other cardiovascular risk factors Source: Akesson 2007 P<.05 for quintiles 3-5 compared to 1-2

28. Diet  Consistently encourage healthy eating patterns  Healthy food selections:  Fruits and vegetables  Whole grains, high fiber  Fish, especially oily fish, at least twice per week  No more than one drink of alcohol per day  Less than 2.3 grams of sodium per day  Saturated fats < 10% of calories, < 300mg cholesterol  Limit trans fatty acid intake (main dietary sources are baked goods and fried foods made with partially hydrogenated vegetable oil) Source: Mosca 2007

29. Major Risk Factor Interventions  Blood Pressure  Target BP<120/80 mmHg  Pharmacotherapy if BP> 140/90, or > 130/80 in diabetics or patients with renal disease  Lipids  Follow NCEP/ATP III guidelines  Diabetes  Target HbA1C<7%, if this can be accomplished without significant hypoglycemia Source: Mosca 2007

30. Hypertension  Encourage an optimal blood pressure of < 120/80 mm Hg through lifestyle approaches  Pharmacologic therapy is indicated when blood pressure is > 140/90 mm Hg or an even lower blood pressure in the setting of diabetes or target-organ damage (> 130/80 mm Hg)  Thiazide diuretics should be part of the drug regimen for most patients unless contraindicated, or unless compelling indications exist for other agents  For high risk women, initial treatment should be with a beta- blocker or angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker Source: Mosca 2007

31. Lifestyle Approaches to Hypertension in Women Source: JNC VII 2004, Sacks 2001, Mosca 2007  Maintain ideal body weight  Weight loss of as little as 10 lbs reduces blood pressure   DASH eating plan  Even without weight loss, a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and low fat dairy products can reduce blood pressure   Sodium restriction to 2300 mg/d  Further restriction to 1500 mg/d may be beneficial, especially in African American patients   Increase physical activity   Limit alcohol to one drink per day  Alcohol raises blood pressure  One drink = 12 oz beer, 5 oz wine, or 1.5 oz liquor

32. DASH Eating Plan  7–8 servings of grains, grain products daily  4–5 servings of vegetables daily  4–5 servings of fruits daily  2–3 servings of low-fat or nonfat dairy foods daily  ≤ 2 servings of meats, poultry, fish daily  4–5 servings of nuts, seeds, legumes weekly  Limited intake of fats, sweets Source: NHLBI 1998

33. DASH Diet with Low Sodium Intake in Hypertensive Individuals Compared to Control Diet with Average U.S. Sodium Intake African American Non-African American * P<.001 from baseline * Source: Sacks 2001 *

34. Lipids  Optimal levels of lipids and lipoproteins in women are as follows (these should be encouraged in all women with lifestyle approaches):  LDL < 100mg/dL  HDL > 50m/dL  Triglycerides < 150mg/d  Non-HDL (total cholesterol minus HDL) < 130mg/d Source: Mosca 2007

35. Lipids  In high-risk women or when LDL is elevated:  Saturated fat < 7% of calories  Cholesterol < 200mg/day  Reduce trans-fatty acids  Major dietary sources are foods baked and fried with partially hydrogenated vegetable oil Source: Mosca 2007

36. Approximate and Cumulative LDL Cholesterol Reduction Achievable By Dietary Modification Dietary Component Dietary Change Approximate LDL Reduction Major Saturated fat<7% of calories8-10% Dietary cholesterol<200 mg/day3-5% Weight reductionLose 10 lbs5-8% Other LDL-lowering options Viscous fiber5-10 g/day3-5% Plant/sterol2g/day6-15% stanol esters Cumulative estimate20-30% Source: Adapted from ATP III 2002

37. Lipids  Treat high risk women aggressively with pharmacotherapy  LDL-lowering pharmacotherapy (preferably a statin) should be initiated simultaneously with lifestyle modification for women with LDL>100mg/dl Source: Mosca 2007

38. Coronary Disease Mortality and Diabetes in Women Source: Krolewski 1991

39. Race/Ethnicity and Diabetes  At high risk:  Latinas  American Indians  African Americans  Asian Americans  Pacific Islanders Source: American Diabetes Association 2001

40. Preventive Drug Interventions  Aspirin – High risk women  75-325 mg/day, or clopidogrel if patient intolerant to aspirin, should be used in high-risk women unless contraindicated  Aspirin- Other at-risk or healthy women  Consider aspirin therapy (81 mg/day or 100 mg every other day) if blood pressure is controlled and benefit is likely to outweigh risk of GI side effects and hemorrhagic stroke  Benefits include ischemic stroke and MI prevention in women aged > 65 years, and ischemic stroke prevention in women < 65 years Source: Mosca 2007

41. Women’s Health Initiative Estrogen and Progestin Arm: Absolute Excess Risk  Excess CHD events: 7/10,000 woman-years  Excess stroke events : 8/10,000 woman-years  Excess pulmonary emboli: 8/10,000 woman-years  Excess invasive breast cancer: 8/10,000 woman-years Source: Writing Group for the WHI Investigators 2002

42. Women’s Health Initiative Estrogen and Progestin Arm: Absolute Benefits  Fewer colorectal cancers: 6/10,000 woman-years  Fewer hip fractures: 5/10,000 woman-years Source: Writing Group for the WHI Investigators 2002

43. Women’s Health Initiative: Estrogen Alone in Postmenopausal Women Compared to Placebo: Major Clinical Outcomes * * P <.05 * Favors Treatment Favors Placebo Source: Adapted from WHI Steering Committee 2004

44. Menopausal Hormone Therapy, SERMs and CVD: Summary of Major Randomized Trials  Use of estrogen plus progestin associated with a small but significant risk of CHD and stroke  Use of estrogen without progestin associated with a small but significant risk of stroke  Use of all hormone preparations should be limited to short term menopausal symptom relief  Use of a selective estrogen receptor modulator (raloxifene) does not affect risk of CHD or stroke, but is associated with an increased risk of fatal stroke Source: Hulley 1998, Rossouw 2002, Anderson 2004, Barrett-Connor 2006

45. Interventions that are not useful/effective and may be harmful for the prevention of heart disease  Hormone therapy and selective estrogen-receptor modulators (SERMs) should not be used for the primary or secondary prevention of CVD Source: Mosca 2007

46. Interventions that are not useful/effective and may be harmful for the prevention of heart disease  Antioxidant supplements and folic acid supplements  No cardiovascular benefit in randomized trials of primary and secondary prevention Source: Mosca 2007

47. The NORVIT Trial: Homocysteine Lowering Did Not Reduce Cardiovascular Events in Women with Prior MI Relative Risk of CVD Event *Compared to B12 alone Source: Bonaa 2006 * ** **Compared to placebo

48. Reproductive Age Women and CHD  Over 10,000 reproductive age women suffer MI or fatal CHD each year  All women of reproductive age prescribed drug therapy should be counseled about preconception planning, as many recommended drugs are contraindicated during pregnancy  Reproductive age women with CHD who are pregnant or planning pregnancy should be cared for by health care providers with expertise in both cardiovascular disease and obstetrics (team approach) Source: American Heart Association 2008, Pregler 2005

49. The Heart Truth Professional Education Campaign Website http://www.womenshealth.gov/hearttruth

50. Conclusions  Gender differences exist in diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of CHD  Knowledge of gender differences is essential for appropriate therapy  Evidence-based guidelines provide a framework for prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease in women